tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1504376762732527032023-11-15T05:50:39.842-08:00How to write an essay proposalBest Argument Essay Topicsphilliplewis197297http://www.blogger.com/profile/15728386182693377917noreply@blogger.comBlogger30125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-150437676273252703.post-39871079556421712872020-08-24T02:13:00.001-07:002020-08-24T02:13:03.081-07:00Solar Energy Consultancy philliplewis197297http://www.blogger.com/profile/15728386182693377917noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-150437676273252703.post-29605178494822491122020-08-22T00:18:00.001-07:002020-08-22T00:18:27.477-07:00Is the Gilgamesh Flood the Basis of the Biblical Flood in the Book of GIs the Gilgamesh Flood theà Basis of the Biblical Flood?â â à à â â Genesis of the Old Testament records an overall Flood right off the bat throughout the entire existence of human progress. Tablet 11of the Sumero-Babylonian rendition of the epic of Gilgamesh additionally records a complete Flood of the whole earth right on time in mankindââ¬â¢s advancement. Letââ¬â¢s analyze the two to decide whether one could be the reason for the other. à Nels M. Bailkey in Readings in Ancient History: Thought and Experience from Gilganesh to St. Augustine, remarks on the resemblances and need thereofâ between the two forms: à The hitting similitudes with the later Hebrew story are very obvious, however the incredible inlet between them should be accentuated: the Hebrew adaptation has been totally admonished. In the Hebrew record the Flood is sent on account of transgression, and the saint is spared in light of the fact that he is honest. In the Sumero-Babylonian form the saint is spared out of simple preference and the divine beings send the Flood, as we gain from a different record, in light of the fact that their rest has been upset: ââ¬Å"oppressive has become the noise of humanity, by their hullabaloo they forestall sleep.â⬠Above all, the one incomparable exemplary God of the Hebrews diverges from the pack of feeble, contentious, avaricious divine beings who ââ¬Å"cowered like dogsâ⬠within the sight of the Flood and who later ââ¬Å"like flies assembled around the sacrificer.â⬠(10) à Alexander Heidel in his book, The Gilgamesh Epic and Old Testament Parallels, gives a foundation to the overcomer of the Sumero-Babylonian Flood, Utnapishtim: à Utnapishtim was the child of Ubara-Tutu, the Otiartes, or, rather, Opartes of Berossus. As indicated by Berossus, the storm saint was the tenth Prediluvian ruler in Babylonia. Likewise in the Sumerian engraving he I... ...its acknowledgment by God â⬠these are rehashed in the two records of the Flood. à WORKS CITED à Bailkey, Nels M. Readings in Ancient History: Thought and Experience from Gilganesh to St. Augustine. Third release. Lexington, MA: D.C.Heath and Co., 1987. à Gardner, John and John Maier. Gilgamesh: Translated from the Sin-leqi-unninni form. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1984. à Harris, Stephen L. ââ¬Å"Gilgamesh.â⬠The Humanist Tradition in World Literature. Ed. Stephen Harris. Columbus, OH: Charles E. Merrill Publishing Co., 1970. à Heidel, Alexander. The Gilgamesh Epic and Old Testament Parallels. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1949. à Ignatius Holy Bible. Modified Standard Version, Catholic Edition. San Francisco: Ignatius Press, 1966. à Sandars. N. K. The Epic of Gilgamesh. New York: Penguin Books, 1972. à à philliplewis197297http://www.blogger.com/profile/15728386182693377917noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-150437676273252703.post-88135540707493286522020-07-16T10:18:00.001-07:002020-07-16T10:18:03.333-07:00The Best Parts of Being a Bookish Kid in the 90sThe Best Parts of Being a Bookish Kid in the 90s Saying I was bookish in the 90s is kind books were what I did in elementary and early middle school. I was the kid carting two paperbacks to lunch in case I finished one because honestly, what was I going to do on the damn playground with no reading material? When I was young, my love of books didnt feel special or personally defining, like it does now, so I never really got to celebrate the cool little quirks of the reading culture in the 90s. MY DAY HAS COME! Time to rewind and relive the best bookish things from the decade I came up inremember this stuff?! Book It Hands down the raddest reading incentive program ever. You can talk until youre blue in the face about the drawbacks of rewarding reading, but 10 year old me would do most anything for a personal pan pizza I did not have to share with one of my three sisters. Yes, I read for my own gratification as an adult, but I can also buy my own cheese-stuffed crust at this point. I can still feel the raised plastic stickers that would fill in the spots on the giant pin. I didnt always have the best school experiences but Book It made fifth grade bearable. Great Illustrated Classics These adaptations are probably the only reason I can hold my own in a conversation about Literature. I know its why I got a 98% on my tenth grade English Honors essay about the meaning of love in Great Expectations. While never successful with what is considered required reading, I loved these simplified versions of some of the greater works of our time. I had Heidi, Oliver Twist, Little Women, Great Expectations, and Journey to the Center of the Earth, to name a few. When I recently found a bunch in my librarys book sale, I scooped them up without a second thought. Come back to me, Great Illustrated Classics, and be my Cliffs Notes once again. Wishbone I sincerely hope you are mind-shouting WHATS THE STORY, WISHBONE? at your computer screens right now. Wishbone is a dog (played by a talented terrier named SOCCER) who gets the starring role in adaptations of classic novels with plots that mirror the struggles his boy owner, Joe, is living out in real life. I have found, in rewatches, that it doesnt quite hold up the way Id like it to, but you could always just blare the theme song, or check out scenes from this round up of favorite episodes. The Series I know book series for kids started well before the 90s (Nancy Drew and Hardy Boys will not be ignored), but I really feel that the super prolific and episodic series with familiar settings and characters defined the way I read in the 90s. Im thinking The Babysitters Club, Sweet Valley High, The Boxcar Children, Goosebumps even Nancy Drew got a peppy update with The Nancy Drew Files. As an avid rereader and slightly anxious person, I always loved the comfort of knowing all the background before I dug into the latest adventure. And you cannot beat the 90s-tastic covers. Did I capture all your 90s memories? Let me know. Ill be at Pizza Hut. Image credits: Book It, Great Illustrated Classics, Wishbone, Sweet Valley Twins philliplewis197297http://www.blogger.com/profile/15728386182693377917noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-150437676273252703.post-82962556473554347442020-05-21T14:34:00.001-07:002020-05-21T14:34:05.813-07:00Autism The Fastest Growing Disorder - 1076 Words Autism affects people in a lot of different ways. Autism is the fastest growing disorder in the U.S.There is no cure for this disorder but there is treatment. Autism costs a family about $60,000 in one year on average. Symptoms of ASD can have different ranges depending on the personââ¬â¢s. Communication for an Autistic person is extremely difficult, so ASD people donââ¬â¢t even speak, they use hand signals or gestures. Peoples with ASD have a difficult time in social settings, they tend to have outburst or become reclusive depending on the situation. Some ASD people require only 2-4 hours of sleep on a regular basis while others can go for up to 72 hours of no sleep, there has been few but some who can stay awake for weeks at a time. The reason for this is because ASD peopleââ¬â¢s brains donââ¬â¢t sleep, They never get into a full deep rem sleep because the activities in their brain continue to function on overload. Studies show that 1 in every 3 boys have some type of ASD spectrum, boys are more likely to test as ASD spectrum. The In the United States 1 out of 68 children have autism. About 41% of 4 million kids have autism in the United States. Studies in Asia, Europe, and North America have identified individuals with ASD with an average prevalence of about 1%. A study in South Korea reported a prevalence of 2.6%. Boys however, have a much higher chance of getting autism than girls . If a sibling gets autism there is a very small percentage that the other sibling will end up gettingShow MoreRelatedAutism Essay1317 Words à |à 6 Pages12 Block 8 6 October 2014 Autism Spectrum Disorder Autistic children experience the world a lot more differently than others. For example, children with autism are not capable of using words, and have a hard time communicating in general by any means. Specific sounds, like loud crashes and yelling, would bother an autistic child that wouldnââ¬â¢t normally bother a child that wasnââ¬â¢t autistic. We need to learn more about autism so we can handle it, as it is the fastest growing developmental disease inRead MoreWolfgang Mozart Was Born In Salzburg, Austria In January1057 Words à |à 5 Pageslike others he was diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder. According to the American Psychological Association (2000), ââ¬Å"Autism is the most severe developmental disability. Appearing within the first three years of life, autism involves impairments in social interaction ââ¬â such as being aware of other peopleââ¬â¢s feelings ââ¬â and verbal and nonverbal communication.â⬠Experts are still uncertain about the causes of autism. Unlike other disorders autism spectrum disorder has multiple causes. Genetic factorsRead MoreAutism Is A Mental Condition Essay1321 Words à |à 6 PagesThe definition of Autism is a mental condition, resent from early childhood, characterized by difficulty in communicating and forming relationships with other people and in using language and abstract concepts. Autism is not classified as a disease, it is a mental condition. Some symptoms might be poor eye contact, compulsive and repetitive behaviors, repetitive movements, unaware of others emotions, depression, anxiety, change in voice, and obsessive interests. Autism makes it hard for a personRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd )1273 Words à |à 6 Pagesit. In the process, they gained knowledge about a disorder that is now referred to as Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), or simply Autism. ASD is a developmental disorder that results in difficulty in social interactio ns, communication, and repetitive behaviors. Researchers have come a long way in gathering knowledge about the complex disorder since it was first discovered. Many of its aspects have been discovered and redefined to shape the disorder that is diagnosed and studied today. However, muchRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder And Autism1492 Words à |à 6 Pageslife there are several different disorders that have been well known from many years ago. There is one disorder that was diagnosed in the early 1800ââ¬â¢s but it wasnââ¬â¢t until a few years ago that it gained lots of attention. What used to be known as Autism was later renamed in the DSM to Autism Spectrum Disorder meaning, a neurodevelopmental disorder rather than a pervasive developmental disorder (Gargiulo, 2015). Autism spectrum disorder is a developmental disorder characterized by abnormal or impairedRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Autism )1450 Words à |à 6 PagesAutism Spectrum Disorder Many of us have heard about Autism, also knows as Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Some have a family member, a friend, or know someone who has ASD. Increasingly it is becoming a more common disability. ââ¬Å"Autism is one of the fastest-growing developmental disorders in the U.Sâ⬠(Autism Speaks). Autism has no respect for gender, race, social class and or ethnicity. ââ¬Å"Autism is a pervasive developmental disorder that involves abnormal development and function of the brain.â⬠(AutismRead MoreInformational Essay on Autism598 Words à |à 3 PagesAutism About 1 percent of the world population has autism spectrum disorder. (CDC, 2014) Autism is the fastest growing developmental disability. Autism is defined by a certain set of behaviors and is a spectrum disorder that effects individuals differently. Autism is a serious and lifelong developmental disability. On its own, autism is not a learning disability or a mental health problem. To go further back into history, autism was first recognized in the early years of the 20th century byRead MoreIn Recent Years, The Prevalence Of Autism Spectrum Disorder1357 Words à |à 6 Pagesyears, the prevalence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has increased greatly (Nevison 2014). For example, in 2000 the Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring (ADDM) Network estimated about 1 in 150 children had ASD. Six years later in 2006, the prevalence increased to about 1 in every 110 children and then most recently in 2012 to 1 in 68 children. According to the CDC (2008) autism is the fastest-growing developmental disability. With the growing prevalence of autism, the society has beenRead MoreThe Prevalence Of Autism And Autism Essay921 Words à |à 4 Pages2000, the prevalence of autism has increased by nearly 120 percent: According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), this makes autism the fastest-growing developmental disability in the U.S. http://www. autism-society.org/what-is/facts-and-statistics/ A March 27, 2014 announcement http://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2014/p0327-autism-spectrum-disorder.html from the CDC states that autism impacts 1 in 68 children across the nation. First Responders and Autism Awareness Every day,Read MoreOutline Of A Social Awareness1691 Words à |à 7 Pagespaperrater.com/ Topic: Autism Introduction Attention getter: Autism affects every 1 in 68 children; It is one of the fastest growing developmental disorders in the u.s (Facts about Autism. Autism Speaks. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Mar. 2016. Minor details about the issue Autism FAQ - History. Autism FAQ - History. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Mar. 2016. . history Thesis: BodyX3 Topic sentence: The definition/ characteristic Autism Characteristics. List of Autism Characteristics. N.p., n philliplewis197297http://www.blogger.com/profile/15728386182693377917noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-150437676273252703.post-17943228520199367382020-05-06T23:26:00.001-07:002020-05-06T23:26:22.371-07:00Domestic Violence At Affordable Price Please Use Custom... Domestic Violence Research Paper This sample domestic violence research paper is published for educational and informational purposes only. Free research papers, are not written by our writers, they are contributed by users, so we are not responsible for the content of this free sample paper. If you want to buy a high quality research paper on domestic violence at affordable price please use custom research paper writing services. This sample research paper on domestic violence features: 7200+ words (26 pages), an outline, APA format in-text citations, and a bibliography with 31 sources. Outline I. Introduction II. History III. Types of Abuse A. Physical Violence B. Sexual Violence C. Psychological Violence D. Stalking E.â⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Domestic violence exists within all cultures, ethnicities, faiths, age groups, education levels, income levels, and sexual orientations. Domestic violence can occur between many different kinds of couples: married or unmarried couples, couples who live in rural areas and urban areas, those that cohabitate or live separately, couples that had been formerly married or had dated, and between heterosexual or same-sex couples. Furthermore, sexual intimacy is not required to be present in a relationship in order for domestic violence to occur. While the statutory term for domestic violence in most states usually includes other family members besides intimate partners, such as children, parents, siblings, sometimes roommates, and so forth, practitioners typically apply the term domestic violence to a coercive, systemic pattern of physical, sexual, or psychological abuse between intimate partners. Victims of domestic violence can be women or men; however, the overwhelming majority of domestic violence involves women as victims and men as perpetrators. For this reason, many organizations concerned with domestic violence focus their attention and services specifically on violence against women and their children. The following section of this research paper discusses the types and prevalence of domestic violence. It also discusses domestic violence warning signs, stalking, dating violence, and philliplewis197297http://www.blogger.com/profile/15728386182693377917noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-150437676273252703.post-80624696989689656372020-05-06T08:01:00.001-07:002020-05-06T08:01:38.012-07:00A History Of Ethnical Convergence History Essay Free Essays string(102) " and to sell them at a set monetary value for the interest of economic advantages \( Thompson 35 \) \." Many archeologists, scientists, and bookmans agree that earliest beginnings of world semen from Africa. Strong, disordering currents, a deficiency of natural seaports, and wild seasonal conditions environing South Africa made the undertaking of voyaging its seashore rather hard for sea fairing civilisations ; this besides left the country mostly in isolation from the remainder of the universe. The people of South Africa lived in typical groups and countries and with different life styles, but many of them shared similar linguistic communications and agencies of endurance. We will write a custom essay sample on A History Of Ethnical Convergence History Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now When Europeans arrived and settled in South Africa, its one time isolated and limited cultural population was all of the sudden opened up to wholly different races of people. The cultural populations and civilizations of South Africa have changed dramatically throughout history, particularly because of the influence of European colony. Homosexual sapiens, modern worlds, have lived in the Southern Africa for around one hundred millenary. By the clip ââ¬Å" of the Christian epoch, human communities had lived in Southern Africa by runing, fishing, and roll uping comestible workss for many 1000s of old ages â⬠( Thompson 6 ) . These people were the Khoikhoi and San. Together, they were known as the Khoisan, but they were separate and typical people groups. They lived and survived by distinguishable yet blended life styles. Populating in the most waterless of countries, the San survived by taking advantage of their milieus and lived as hunter-gatherers. Their communities and lives were based around their mobility as they had to travel continuously throughout the twelvemonth to happen nutrient. They took with them merely what they could transport and care for. Often, seniors were left behind when they could no longer care for themselves, and babes and other kids were killed because there was small to care for them with ( Thompson 9 ) . To the West of the South Africa ââ¬Ës 20 inch rainfall line, the Khoikhoi were crowding sheep and cowss where they could happen and claim equal croping countries. They were similar to the hunter-gatherers genetically and in the fact that their lives, excessively, were based around mobility. To the E of the 20 inch rainfall line, people lived as assorted husbandmans. They herded sheep and cowss but besides grew harvests. They lived in more lasting small towns during the twelvemonth and had a stronger, more complex political system than that of the Khoikhoi or the San. They spoke the Bantu linguistic communication and ââ¬Å" were the ascendants of the bulk of dwellers of contemporary Southern Africa â⬠( Thompson 10 ) . When Europeans began to research and topographic point bases in the country, they knew the hunter-gatherers as Bushmen, the Herders as Hottentots, and the assorted husbandmans as Kaffirs ( Thompson 10 ) . Throughout the 15 century, Lusitanian seamans were researching farther and further along the western seashore of Africa. In 1487, Bartholomeu Dias ââ¬Ë led an expedition of two caravels, little Portuguese seafaring vass, and rounded the Cape peninsula in the thick of a storm ; they so traveled another three hundred and 40 stat mis along the southern seashore before sailing back to Lisbon. Ten old ages subsequently, Vasco de Gama led a two twelvemonth Lusitanian expedition that rounded the Cape, sailed along the eastern coastline to Malindi ( now known as Mombasa ) , and so crossed the Indian Ocean to Calicut, India. He returned place with lone two of his four ships ( Thompson 31 ) . Throughout the 16th century, the Lusitanian authorities sent one-year fleets around the Cape of Good Hope into the Indian Ocean and destroyed the Arab transportation they encountered in the Indian Ocean. Finally, they began to deviate transportation from the antediluvian Persian Gulf and Red Sea tradin g paths to the pelagic paths around the Cape ( Thompson 32 ) . In the mid 17th century, a Dutch crew wrecked along the southern seashore of Africa and they remained there for the winter until they were rescued. The undermentioned twelvemonth in 1652, the Dutch East India Company created a bracing station in Table Bay called Cape Town to supply fresh H2O, veggies, and meat to go throughing ships and to move besides as a hospital/resting topographic point for sick crewmans ( ââ¬Å" South Africa History â⬠) . The Cape station was non intended to do a net income, but the disbursals of disposal were intended to be kept at a lower limit ( Thompson 33 ) . Under rigorous instructions that the local people were non to be enslaved, Jan new wave Riebeek, commanding officer of the Cape, requested that Asiatic slaves would be imported to the station to make the agriculture required to supply for go throughing ships and to construct a fortress. Slaves did non get in Cape Town for another f ive old ages and the station ââ¬Ës lone slaves were stowaways and those given to them by ships go throughing by ; therefore, South Africa ââ¬Ës passage into a great multiracial land began ( ââ¬Å" South Africa Timeline 3 â⬠) . The people of Cape Town traded with Khoikhoi peoples, known to the white colonists as Hottentots, for cowss and sheep, and the local people became skilled in bartering for European metals and ââ¬Å" organic structure decorations â⬠( ââ¬Å" Thompson 37 â⬠) . Van Riebeek used Autsumao, head of the Goringhaikonas and known to the Dutch as Herry, as a transcriber for these trades ( ââ¬Å" South Africa Timeline 3 â⬠) . As the Dutch settlement continued to put claims towards southwesterly Africa, the Khoikhoi were forced to bear the unanticipated challenge that the Dutch invasion presented them. The colonists ââ¬Ë dealingss with the Khoikhoi peoples rapidly degenerated into busting and warfare ( ââ¬Å" South African History â⬠) ; in 1653, Autsumao murdered the colonists ââ¬Ë cowss herder and left with about the entireness of the colonists ââ¬Ë herd. Autsumao returned old ages subsequently, being accepted back into Cape Town, and was non punished for his actions ( ââ¬Å" South Africa Timeline 3 â⬠) . In 1657, the Dutch East Company released nine employees, known as free burgesss, from their contracts and allotted them twenty-acre landholdings at Rondebosch six stat mis south of Table Bay to bring forth grains and veggies and to sell them at a set monetary value for the interest of economic advantages ( Thompson 35 ) . You read "A History Of Ethnical Convergence History Essay" in category "Essay examples" Using the Dutch theoretical account of agriculture, the free burgesss tried in vain to farm and work the lands, but they lacked the accomplishments and adult male power necessary for the occupation. After the company ââ¬Å" imported one boatload of slaves from Dahomey and another boatload of Angolan slaves â⬠in 1658, the Cape settlement became a slave dependant colony ( Thompson 36 ) . As the settlement entered into the 1700 ââ¬Ës, its free burgess, retainer, and break oneââ¬â¢s back population grew and began to develop its ain construction and form. Among the colony ââ¬Ës population, colonists came from the lower categories of ââ¬Å" Hierarchical Dutch [ and ] German society â⬠and Huguenots flying the Protestant persecution from France. By 1711, its slaves were far more legion than the free burgesss and came from topographic points like Mozambique, Madagascar, Indonesia, India and Sri Lanka ( Thompson 36 ) . In the undermentioned twosome of old ages, an outbreak European diseases such as little syphilis, which South Africa ââ¬Ës autochthonal people had small to no immunisation against, resulted in ââ¬Å" practical decimation of the south-western Cape Khoikhoi â⬠population and the deceases of a one-fourth of the European population ( ââ¬Å" South Africa Timeline 4 â⬠) . A midcentury nose count of the Cape showed that a bulk of the s ettlement ââ¬Ës Asiatic slaves were focused in town and its slaves of African descent were found more normally working on the outlying, boundary line farms. The Asiatic slaves created an artisan category ; they brought with them their Islamic faith and had a enormous consequence on the working category of South Africa ( ââ¬Å" South Africa History â⬠) . As the settlement reached into the 1770 ââ¬Ës it pushed its boundary line to the Algoa Bay and Graaf-Reinet. The husbandmans of these outlying territories were the first colonist to come into contact with the AmaXhosa ; when the settlement extended its range once more to the Upper Fish and Bushmen rivers, a series of ââ¬Å" anti-colonial â⬠wars with the AmaXhosa began. Many of the Khoikhoi struggled with their ideals of trueness to the white husbandmans, who they obeyed, and to the Xhosa, who had already accepted assorted Khoikhoi into their chiefdoms ( Thompson 50 ) . The Xhosa and Khoikhoi foray and assail the o utlying farms, killing people, stealing farm animal, and destructing belongings. Many husbandmans abandoned their land but subsequently retaliated by puting up two rangers that followed the Xhosa back into their ain land. The ranger took advantage of the Xhosa ââ¬Ës split chiefdoms and used hocus-pocus to rupture apart the Xhosa chiefdoms. These onslaughts and events have been written ââ¬Å" down in history as the First War of Dispossession â⬠( ââ¬Å" South Africa Timeline 4 â⬠) . In the ulterior portion of the twelvemonth 1795, the British captured the Cape from the Dutch, and though the Dutch regulation was briefly restored in the early 1800 ââ¬Ës, this finally marked the terminal of the Dutch Cape settlement and the beginning of the British Cape Colony. John Cradock replaced Governor Caledon in the twelvemonth 1811. He created a program to wholly clear the Xhosa out of the eastern lands of the Cape, and these undertakings were done ruthlessly, ensuing in the slaying of non merely the Xhosa work forces but besides adult females and kids. Eight old ages subsequently, the Xhosa made a awful and despairing effort to derive back control of some of their former land, but they were defeated and pushed back in a mode similar to their first onslaught. These racial glades are known individually as the Fourth and Fifth War of Dispossession ( ââ¬Å" South Africa Timeline 5 â⬠) . In 1820, the British Government created a grant and selected some four thousand people to settle in the lands late cleared of the Xhosa. The settlement was now non merely inclusive of Dutch, German, and Gallic colonists, a battalion of diverse slaves, and the Khoisian people, but besides ââ¬Å" a mixture of people from England, Wales, Scotland, and Ireland â⬠( Thompson 55 ) . Another 1000 colonists came on their ain agencies of payment. The earlier Dutch, German, and Gallic colonists were given the label ââ¬Å" Boer â⬠, which means famer and had an implied negative significance, and the 1820 Settlers took on the label ââ¬Å" Afrikaner â⬠; the Afrikaners have therefore ââ¬Å" ever formed at least 55 per centum of the white population â⬠( Thompson 56 ) . In the really same twelvemonth, the Zulu land began to lift and added to the ageless force of the South African peoples. In each decennary for the 30 ââ¬Ës, the 40 ââ¬Ës, and the 50 ââ¬Ës, frontier wars were fought as the colony sought to cover with those Xhosa husbandmans who began to dribble back into the country accompanied by the Mfengu, who were flying ââ¬Å" from the spread outing Zulu imperium â⬠( Thompson 62 ) . Slaves were officially freed in the British Cape settlement in 1838. However, they still did non basically have the same rights as the white colonists. Around the mid 19th century, many of the Boers left the British Cape settlement and ââ¬Å" set about a northern migrationaÃâ à ¦known as the ââ¬ËGreat Trek ââ¬Ë â⬠( ââ¬Å" Background Notes 4 â⬠) . They subsequently became known as ââ¬Å" Voortrekkers â⬠. After migrating through Zulu countries of struggle for about ten to fifteen old ages, the independent Boer Republics of Transvaal and Orange Free State were created in 1852 and 1854 ( ââ¬Å" South Africa Timeline 5 â⬠) . Natal became a 2nd focal point for the British in Southern Africa. While 1000s of Boers, or Voortrekkers, had left on the Great Trek, 1000s of people were geting from Britain to settle in Natal throughout the old ages of 1849 and 1851. The population more than tripled in size within 20 old ages: 15 thousand British colonists and three 1000 Afrikanders. Through the old ages of ââ¬Å" 1860 and 1866, six thousand Indians arrived in Natal from Madras and Calcutta â⬠to work plantations as apprenticed retainers. They brought with them their faiths and societal systems with them. Within six to ten old ages, the first Indians were permitted to return to their places in India, but most opted to remain. This remained a form until a ââ¬Å" ample Indian population â⬠had been created that would even finally outnumber the Whites of Natal ( Thompson 100 ) . Between 1870 and 1910, British imperialism peaked with the find of rich mineral resources in South Africa. An thought of racism, ever back uping white domination, had been developing, and black workers were forced to populate in compounds while they worked the mines in hapless conditions and for hapless wage. They lived in rigorous subject and were non allowed to see their households sometimes for six months or more at a clip ( Thompson 119 ) . Between 1910 and 1939, was a clip of tremendous political agitation and racial segregation and bias, particularly aimed negatively towards the African and ââ¬Å" Coloured â⬠population. Harmonizing to a 1936 nose count of the urban population, people numbered more than three million and made up 31 per centum of the overall population. From this, ââ¬Å" 1.3 million were classified as White, 1.1 million as African, 400,000 as coloured, and 200,000 as Asiatic â⬠. In the towns of South Africa was ââ¬Å" 60 five per centum of the White populationaÃâ à ¦44 per centum of the Coloured, 66 per centum of the Asian, and 17 per centum of the African population â⬠( Thompson 166 ) . Mineral mining continued to command the lives of the destitute hapless and the pockets of the wealthy. Strikes were frequently organized and addresss were made as workers tried in vain to assume their rights from those keep backing them, but without a widespread organisation amongst the strikers and a agency of support, these normally fell through rapidly. The longest work stoppage attempt was in 1946, lasted four yearss and brought eight gold mines to standstill. Many of the mineworkers were forced back into the mines by barbarous agencies ( Thompson 179-180 ) . In May of 1948, Dr. D.F. Malan came into power with the Nationalist Party and made apartheid, racial segregation, functionary and legal in South Africa, non to be changed until the presidential term of Nelson Mandela about half a century subsequently. Originally a geographically closed off and stray country, the autochthonal people of South Africa developed their ain civilizations, political systems, and agencies of endurance. Yet their isolation was obvious in that groups such as the Khoikhoi and San were genetically similar and shared similar linguistic communications. If the Dutch had non been the first to settle on South Africa ââ¬Ës shores, no uncertainty it would hold most likely been settled by the British or another European power. Because of the original European influence in South Africa in fifteenth and 16th centuries, South Africa is now place to an improbably diverse cultural and cultural population with a alone history that binds them all together. How to cite A History Of Ethnical Convergence History Essay, Essay examples philliplewis197297http://www.blogger.com/profile/15728386182693377917noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-150437676273252703.post-51281357220739640402020-04-25T08:00:00.001-07:002020-04-25T08:00:04.031-07:00Saaaa free essay sample UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS GCE Advanced Subsidiary and Advanced Level MARK SCHEME for the November 2005 question paper 9708 ECONOMICS 9708/04 Paper 4, maximum raw mark 70 This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and students, to indicate the requirements of the examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were initially instructed to award marks. It does not indicate the details of the discussions that took place at an Examinersââ¬â¢ meeting before marking began. Any substantial changes to the mark scheme that arose from these discussions will be recorded in the published Report on the Examination. All Examiners are instructed that alternative correct answers and unexpected approaches in candidatesââ¬â¢ scripts must be given marks that fairly reflect the relevant knowledge and skills demonstrated. Mark schemes must be read in conjunction with the question papers and the Report on the Examination. The minimum marks in these components needed for various grades were previously published with these mark schemes, but are now instead included in the Report on the Examination for this session. We will write a custom essay sample on Saaaa or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page â⬠¢ CIE will not enter into discussion or correspondence in connection with these mark schemes. CIE is publishing the mark schemes for the November 2005 question papers for most IGCSE and GCE Advanced Level and Advanced Subsidiary Level syllabuses and some Ordinary Level syllabuses. Page 1 Mark Scheme GCE AS/A LEVEL ââ¬â NOVEMBER 2005 Syllabus 9708 Paper 4 Section A 1 (a) What evidence is there in the article that the UK mobile phone companies operate in an imperfect market structure? Only four companies, can fix price, have product differentiation in the handsets, no perfect knowledge. (b) Explain the statement ââ¬Ëone result will be that cross-subsidisation will disappear and the price of a new handset will go up considerably. Explanation of meaning of subsidising one product or service by the profits on another which itself may be overpriced. The removal of the subsidy will result in the price of the subsidised product increasing if profit levels are to be maintained. Often the subsidised product makes a loss but is produced because it is supplementary to other profit making products or services. (c) The article says the decision of the High Court will cost the companies ? 1. 5 billion to ? 2 billion. Explain how the phone companies might react in order to retain their profit levels. Could try to reduce labour costs, implement some redundancies, could stop research and development, could generally try to reduce costs or could try to increase revenue by promoting products through advertising. (d) Explain with the aid of a diagram how the existence of termination charges would affect consumer surplus. Termination charges are placed above the market level. Diagram should show a price above market clearing which will result in reduction in consumer surplus. 1 mark for D/S diagram correctly labelled; 1 for showing the reduced area of consumer surplus; 1 for explanation. e) Does the information lead you to agree with the spokesperson when he said that consumers should not necessarily regard the decision as a good thing? In consumersââ¬â¢ interest: they would save ? 700 but over next three years, price reduction would be on all calls. Against consumersââ¬â¢ interest: cost of telephone handset would rise; there is a fear of increased calls for text messages; possib ility of phone company finding some other way to keep profits high. [6] [4] [4] [3] [4] à © University of Cambridge International Examinations 2005 Page 2 Mark Scheme GCE AS/A LEVEL ââ¬â NOVEMBER 2005 Syllabus 9708 Paper 4 General comments for Section B The essay questions carry a maximum mark of 25. Try not to bunch marks, but use the whole mark range. If there is any doubt in your mind, give the benefit of doubt to the candidate. The difference in grades should be assessed on the ability of the candidate to demonstrate the various objectives of the examination listed in the syllabus and not purely on the ability to itemise further facts from the content of the syllabus. Marks should be awarded for the ability to demonstrate that aim (b) of the syllabus has been achieved as well as aim (a) which refers to content knowledge. It is the objective of the examination, as listed in the syllabus, to assess both these aims. An overall guide for marks for individual questions is given below; these are from a total of 25. They may be applied proportionally of course to parts of questions where the total is less than 25: Mark 1 ââ¬â 9 (Linked to level one in individual question notes). 1-5 where the answer is mostly irrelevant and only contains a few valid points made incidentally in an irrelevant context. There will also be substantial omissions of analysis. here the answer shows some knowledge but does not indicate that the meaning of the question has been properly grasped. Basic errors of theory or an inadequate development of analysis may be evident. 6ââ¬â9 Mark 10 ââ¬â 13 (Linked to level two in individual question notes). 10 ââ¬â11 where there is evidence of an ability to identify facts or some ability at graphs and/or a fair ability to apply known laws to new situations. There should be an a ccurate although undeveloped explanation of the facts relating to the question together with an explanation of the theory, and evidence of some bility to discriminate and form elementary judgements. Do not expect a clear logical presentation. There will not be much evidence of the ability to recognise unstated assumptions, nor to examine the implications of a hypothesis, nor of the ability to organise ideas into a new unity. 12 ââ¬â 13 where the answer has a more thorough relevance to the question but where the theory is incompletely explained. à © University of Cambridge International Examinations 2005 Page 3 Mark Scheme GCE AS/A LEVEL ââ¬â NOVEMBER 2005 Syllabus 9708 Paper 4 14 17 (Linked to level 3 in individual question notes). 4 ââ¬â15 where there is a good knowledge of the facts and theory of the question, clear evidence of the ability to use the facts and theory with accurate reference to the question that may have presented the candidate with a novel applicatio n. There should also be evidence, where appropriate, of the ability to examine the implications of the question and an attempt to distinguish between facts and value judgements. Clear statements, supported by reasoned arguments should be given and there should be some attempt at a conclusion to the question. There should be a reasoned structure to the whole answer. Do not expect too many extra Illustrative points which are not explicitly referred to in the question, do not expect too much critical comment on unstated assumptions 16 17 for an answer showing a well reasoned understanding of the questions requirements and of the relevant theory: the analysis should be sound though the illustration and development may not be very full. 18 25 (Linked to level 4 in individual question notes). 18 ââ¬â20 where there is a thorough knowledge of the facts and theory with an excellent ability to describe, explain or analyse this in a precise, logical, reasoned manner. There should be an ability to query some of the assumptions in the question and clear evidence of an ability to distinguish between fact and value judgements and to draw some conclusions on the matter being discussed. Conclusions should be formed and expressed within a sound structured answer so that the whole is well presented. New illustrations and apposite examples should be introduced as further evidence of an ability to recognise the principles of the question and their application to relevant current situations. 1 25 for an answer which, given the time constraint, could not be improved significantly: it will have clear analysis, ample illustration and a good attempt at considered evaluation. Be positive in your marking, awarding marks for what is there without being too much influenced by omissions. Marks should not be deleted for inaccuracies. Corresponding marks for sub-sections. Total Mark 10 Total Mark 12 Total Mark 13 Total Mark 15 1 1-3 1-4 1-4+ 1-5 2 4-5 5-6 5-6+ 6-8 3 6-7 7-8 7-8+ 9-11 4 8-10 9-12 9-13 12-15 à © University of Cambridge International Examinations 2005 Page 4 Mark Scheme GCE AS/A LEVEL ââ¬â NOVEMBER 2005 Syllabus 9708 Paper 4 Section B 2 (a) Explain what is meant by efficient resource allocation in a free market. L4 L3 L2 L1 (b) For a sound explanation with clear understanding of the principles involved in the analysis. [8 ââ¬â 10] For a competent explanation but with limited development of the analysis. [6 ââ¬â 7] For a correct explanation of a free market but undeveloped explanation of allocative efficiency. [4 ââ¬â 5] For an answer which has some basic correct facts but includes irrelevancies. Errors of theory or omissions of analysis will be substantial. 1 ââ¬â 3] [10] Would you agree that in some circumstances it is best to accept the decision such as that of the French government and abandon the search for economic efficiency through the free market? [15] Discussion of the reason for market failure. Monopolies, merit goods, public goods. Consideration of whether this might apply in the case of the large engineeri ng company. L4 L3 L2 L1 For a reasoned discussion of causes of market failure and clearly structured answer. [12 ââ¬â 15]. For a fair explanation of market failure but lack of development and reasoned conclusion. 9 ââ¬â 11] For a limited but acceptable attempt to consider some market failures. [6 ââ¬â 8] For an answer which has some basic correct facts but includes irrelevancies. Errors of theory or omissions of analysis will be substantial. [1 ââ¬â 5] 3 (a) Explain how trade unions can be incorporated into the economic analysis of wage determination. [12] Candidates are asked to comment on trade unions so the economic theory of wages that they should use is that for an imperfect market. This theory should be explained using marginal revenue productivity. Trade unions can have an effect on the supply curve which is now no longer solely determined by market forces. Where the actual wage will be determined depends upon the relative strengths of the employer and the trade union. L4 L3 L2 L1 For a sound discussion with good explanation of the analysis and a clear understanding of the principles involved. [9 ââ¬â 12] [7 ââ¬â 8 D and S approach] For a competent comment but with limited elaboration of the analysis. [7 ââ¬â 8] [5-6 D and S approach] For a correct explanation of part of the analysis. Candidates might explain either the government or the unions. 5 ââ¬â 6] [3+ ââ¬â 4 D and S approach] For an answer which has some basic correct facts but includes irrelevancies. Errors of theory or omissions of analysis will be substantial. [1 ââ¬â 4] [1 ââ¬â3 D and S approach] à © University of Cambridge International Examinations 2005 Page 5 Mark Scheme GCE AS/A LEVEL ââ¬â NOVEMBER 2005 Syllabus 9708 Paper 4 (b) Discuss the possible effects that trade unions might have on the economy of a country. [13] Trade unions could affect the supply of labour and working practices. They could cause production to decrease with consequent downward effects on income, spending and national income. Candidates could explain this using the multiplier concept. Union could, however, through negotiation prevent disruption of production, or could monitor the implementation of safety procedures which might involve extra spending by the employer. This might well have an upward effect on national income. L4 L3 L2 L1 For a reasoned and clear explanation with accurate development of theory contrasting possible outcomes. [9 ââ¬â 13] For a clear but undeveloped explanation which concentrates on change of income in one direction only. 7 ââ¬â 8] For a limited attempt to consider the theory and with a greater concentration on the descriptive elements. [5 ââ¬â 6] For an answer which has some basic correct facts but includes irrelevancies. Errors of theory or omissions of analysis are substantial. [1 ââ¬â 4] 4 (a) With the help of diagrams distinguish between normal profit and abnormal profit. [10] Diagrams to show normal and abnormal profit with accompanying explanation of the c urves used in the diagram. Candidates can distinguish between perfect and imperfect markets. L4 L3 L2 L1 For a sound explanation, good diagrams correctly labelled, with clear understanding of the principles involved in the analysis. [8 ââ¬â 10] For a competent explanation but with limited development of the analysis. Diagrams clear but not fully labelled. [6 ââ¬â 7] For a correct explanation of terms but some poor diagrams. [4 ââ¬â 5] For an answer which has some basic correct facts but includes irrelevancies. Errors of theory or omissions of analysis will be substantial. [1 ââ¬â 3] (b) Discuss whether firms always want to maximise profits and are able to do so in the way suggested by economic theory. 15] Discussion of the theory of profit maximisation. Candidates should consider not only whether it is possible to calculate marginal revenue and marginal cost to achieve profit maximisation but also whether the firm might have alternative aims. Sales maximisation, behavioural, managerial, satisficing, market share aims might be mentioned. L4 L3 L2 L1 For a reas oned discussion and clearly structured answer. [12 ââ¬â 15] For a fair discussion but undeveloped answer mentioning either only one part of the question or both parts but only scant mention of alternative aims. 9 ââ¬â 11] For a limited but acceptable attempt to consider the question with very limited development of either part. [6 ââ¬â 8] For an answer which has some basic correct facts but includes irrelevancies. Errors of theory or omissions of analysis will be substantial. [1 ââ¬â 5] à © University of Cambridge International Examinations 2005 Page 6 Mark Scheme GCE AS/A LEVEL ââ¬â NOVEMBER 2005 Syllabus 9708 Paper 4 5 How far do you agree that low interest rates and low inflation are the most important aims of government policy in maximising economic welfare? 25] Discussion of the general macro aims of government policy with a comment on whether the two mentioned should be regarded as the most crucial. The effect of low interest rates and low inflation and po ssible links between them can be developed. Reasons should be given for either choosing or not choosing these aims as the most important. L4 L3 L2 L1 For a thorough explanation of the aims, a clear analysis of the link between them, a discussion of the possible outcome of a choosing either those aims or alternatives with a reasoned conclusion. 18 ââ¬â 25] For a competent explanation of the aims but where there is only limited attempt to consider the significance of the importance of the aims. There will be some discussion but the evaluation will not be fully developed or extensive. [14 ââ¬â 17] For an accurate though undeveloped explanation with some attempt at analysis but only limited evaluation. [10 ââ¬â 13] For an answer which shows some knowledge but does not indicate that the question has been fully grasped. The answer will have some correct facts but include irrelevancies. Errors of theory or omissions of analysis will be substantial. 1 ââ¬â 9] 6 With the appr oval of the Malaysian government, the Swedish company IKEA, the worldââ¬â¢s largest retailer of home furnishings, has invested $106 million in Malaysia in the past three years. It plans to open another large store in the country, employing 450 people with expected sales of approximately $50 million in the first year. (Herald Tribune Aug 15 03 p 12) (a) Use the multiplier analysis to explain what effect this investment might have on the Malaysian national income. [10] Discussion of the effect of increasing investment in terms of employment, income, spending, saving. Multiplier analysis. Usually this question is asked with reference to government spending and investment but this is a large investment and it also will have multiplier effects. L4 L3 L2 L1 For a sound explanation of the analysis and a clear understanding of the principles involved. [8 ââ¬â 10] For a competent comment but with limited elaboration of the analysis. [6 ââ¬â 7] For a correct explanation of part of the analysis. Candidates might explain how investment might increase income but might not deal with further increases in as they do not discuss what leakages occur at each ââ¬Ëroundââ¬â¢. 4 ââ¬â 5] For an answer which has some basic correct facts but includes irrelevancies. Errors of theory or omissions of analysis will be substantial. [1 ââ¬â 3] à © University of Cambridge International Examinations 2005 Page 7 Mark Scheme GCE AS/A LEVEL ââ¬â NOVEMBER 2005 Syllabus 9708 Paper 4 (b) Discuss whether the activities of multi-national companies are always beneficial. Candidates should discuss the effects of large companies. They could consider whether a large company is beneficial for the shareholders, the workforce and the consumer. These groups may be in different countries. They should comment on the effect in host country where wages/incomes/employment might increase and on the possible benefits for directors (and shareholders) who may be in the home country. The multi-national might have chosen to operate in the host country because of reduced costs or cheaper inputs so a comment on the possible benefits of comparative advantage would be pertinent. L4 L3 L2 L1 For a sound discussion with good explanation of the analysis and a clear understanding of the principles involved. Reasoned evaluative comments should be given. 12 ââ¬â 15] For a competent comment but with only limited evaluation of the effects. [9 ââ¬â 11] For a correct discussion of the analysis but with only very brief, or no evaluation. [6 ââ¬â 8] For an answer which has some basic correct facts but includes irrelevancies. Errors of theory or omissions of analysis will be substantial. [1 ââ¬â 5] [15] 7 ââ¬ËThere are so many difficulties in measuring living standards that w e can never be sure that people in one country are better off than those in another country. ââ¬â¢ Comment upon this statement. [25] Candidates should consider each part of the statement. They should discuss whether there are many difficulties in measuring living standards and give reasons for their conclusion on this part of the question. They should then consider whether it is possible to compare one country with another and discuss what use national income statistics might be. They should form an overall conclusion. L4 L3 L2 L1 For a thorough explanation of the difficulties of measuring living standards, and a clear conclusion to the assertion followed by a consideration of the usefulness of using the statistics to make comparisons. [18 ââ¬â 25] For a competent explanation of the difficulties but with a limited conclusion. There will be some consideration of comparison between countries but this will not be fully developed or extensive. [14 ââ¬â 17] For an accurate though undeveloped explanation with some attempt at analysis but only limited evaluation. The conclusion will be weak. [10 ââ¬â 13] For an answer which shows some knowledge but does not indicate that the question has been fully grasped. The answer will have some correct facts but include irrelevancies. Errors of theory or omissions of analysis will be substantial. [1 ââ¬â 9] à © University of Cambridge International Examinations 2005 philliplewis197297http://www.blogger.com/profile/15728386182693377917noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-150437676273252703.post-13722366518431163762020-03-18T04:09:00.001-07:002020-03-18T04:09:02.490-07:00social observations essayssocial observations essays For my social observations paper I attended a high school football game and observed how students interacted with fellow classmates, namely students from other towns, teachers, parents and even the town "super-fan". I also observed how they interacted with classmates of different race and ethnicity and how they didn't interact with the elderly. I expected to find that the students would be mainly in groups of the same social and economic status. I also expected to find the students keeping their distance away from the parents in the stands or the parents keeping their distance away from them. When I first arrived it was apparent that the "popular" students still sat in the same section (top left corner) in the stands as they did when I was a student there. It was obvious that the students that were in this group felt comfortable around other "popular" students. The students in this group rarely strayed away unless it was to the snack bar and when they did it was with 4 or 5 others. On their way back from the snack bar the teachers would sometimes try to start a conversation with the students but the students kept it short and sweet, afraid of what fellow classmates thought. There was very little interaction outside the group for fear of embarrassment. Most of the conversation outside the group was to the town super-fan who is more often than not intoxicated. He attends all the football, hockey, and baseball games and is often on the rowdy side. The students found it amusing to ask him questions and give him hypothetical situations. This was one of the very few times they interacted with non-group goers. The students from other towns are automatically viewed as outcasts and aren't included in the conversation. When students from other towns are introduced to people in the group, the students are often nice but then criticized their personality or clothing behind their back. One of the more popular students had a ... philliplewis197297http://www.blogger.com/profile/15728386182693377917noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-150437676273252703.post-66116308613710237052020-03-01T19:54:00.001-08:002020-03-01T19:54:03.553-08:00The Battle of Hong Kong in World War IIThe Battle of Hong Kong in World War II The Battle of Hong Kong was fought December 8 to 25, 1941, during World War II (1939-1945). One of the opening battles of the conflict in the Pacific, Japanese troops commenced their attack on the British colony the same morning as their attack on the US Pacific Fleet at Pearl Harbor. Though badly outnumbered, the British garrison mounted a tenacious defense but were soon forced from the mainland. Pursued by the Japanese, the defenders were ultimately overwhelmed. Overall, the garrison succeeded in holding out for over two weeks before finally surrendering. Hong Kong remained under Japanese control until the end of the war. Background As the Second Sino-Japanese War raged between China and Japan during the late 1930s, Great Britain was forced to examine its plans for the defense of Hong Kong. In studying the situation, it was quickly found that the colony would be difficult to hold in the face of a determined Japanese attack. Despite this conclusion, work continued on a new defensive line extending from Gin Drinkers Bay to Port Shelter. Begun in 1936, this set of fortifications was modeled on the French Maginot Line and took two years to complete. Centered on the Shin Mun Redoubt, the line was a system of strong points connected by paths. In 1940, with World War II consuming Europe, the government in London began reducing the size of the Hong Kong garrison to free troops for use elsewhere. Following his appointment as Commander-in-Chief of the British Far East Command, Air Chief Marshal Sir Robert Brooke-Popham requested reinforcements for Hong Kong as he believed even a marginal increase in the garrison could significantly slow down the Japanese in the case of war. Though not believing that the colony could be held indefinitely, a protracted defense would buy time for the British elsewhere in the Pacific. Final Preparations In 1941, Prime Minister Winston Churchill agreed to dispatch reinforcements to the Far East. In doing so, he accepted an offer from Canada to send two battalions and a brigade headquarters to Hong Kong. Dubbed C-Force, the Canadians arrived in September 1941, though they lacked some of their heavy equipment. Joining Major General Christopher Maltbys garrison, the Canadians prepared for battle as relations with Japan began to falter. Having taken the area around Canton in 1938, Japanese forces were well positioned for an invasion. Preparations for the attack began that fall with troops moving into position. Battle of Hong Kong Conflict: World War IIDates: December 8-25, 1941Armies Commanders:BritishGovernor Sir Mark Aitchison YoungMajor General Christopher Maltby14,564 menJapaneseLieutenant General Takashi Sakai52,000 menCasualties:British: 2,113 killed or missing, 2,300 wounded, 10,000 capturedJapanese: 1,996 killed, around 6,000 wounded Fighting Begins Around 8:00 AM on December 8, Japanese forces under Lieutenant General Takashi Sakai began their attack on Hong Kong. Commencing less than eight hours after the attack on Pearl Harbor, the Japanese quickly gained air superiority over Hong Kong when they destroyed the garrisons few aircraft. Badly outnumbered, Maltby elected not to defend the Sham Chun River line at the colonys border and instead deployed three battalions to the Gin Drinkers Line. Lacking sufficient men to fully man the lines defenses, the defenders were driven back on December 10 when the Japanese overran the Shing Mun Redoubt. Retreat to Defeat The rapid breakthrough surprised Sakai as his planners anticipating needing a month to penetrate the British defenses. Falling back, Maltby began evacuating his troops from Kowloon to Hong Kong Island on December 11. Destroying harbor and military facilities as they departed, the final Commonwealth troops left the mainland on December 13. Japanese forces attack the Tsim Sha Tsui Station in Hong Kong. Public Domain For the defense of Hong Kong Island, Maltby re-organized his men into Eastern and Western Brigades. On December 13, Sakai demanded that the British surrender. This was promptly refused and two days later the Japanese began shelling the islands northern shore. Another surrender demand was rejected on December 17. The next day, Sakai began landing troops on the islands northeastern coast near Tai Koo. Pushing back the defenders, they were later guilty of killing prisoners of war at Sai Wan Battery and Salesian Mission. Driving west and south, the Japanese met heavy resistance over the next two days. On December 20 they succeeded in reaching the south coast of the island effectively splitting the defenders in two. While part of Maltbys command continued the fight on the western part of the island, the remainder was hemmed in on the Stanley Peninsula. On Christmas morning, Japanese forces captured the British field hospital at St. Stephens College where they tortured and killed several prisoners. Later that day with his lines collapsing and lacking critical resources, Maltby advised Governor Sir Mark Aitchison Young that the colony should be surrendered. Having held out for seventeen days, Aitchison approached the Japanese and formally surrendered at the Peninsula Hotel Hong Kong. Major General Christopher Maltby meets with the Japanese to surrender Hong Kong, December 25, 1941. Public Domain Aftermath Subsequently known as Black Christmas, the surrender of Hong Kong cost the British around 10,000 captured as well as 2,113 killed/missing and 2,300 wounded during the battle. Japanese casualties in the fighting numbered 1,996 killed and around 6,000 wounded. Taking possession of the colony, the Japanese would occupy Hong Kong for the remainder of the war. During this time, the Japanese occupiers terrorized the local population. In the wake of the victory at Hong Kong, Japanese forces embarked on a string of victories in Southeast Asia which culminated with the capture of Singapore on February 15, 1942.ââ¬â¹ philliplewis197297http://www.blogger.com/profile/15728386182693377917noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-150437676273252703.post-71480519749295338542020-02-14T11:20:00.001-08:002020-02-14T11:20:03.351-08:00CIS Homework Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 wordsCIS Homework - Case Study Example It is pertinent to mention here that the guidelines and best practices varies with respect to the medium or category of the technology; for example, the guidelines for information security of the information systems would be not similar to the best practices or guidelines of the computer network, mobile devices, online collaboration and social sharing, internet protection, electronic device security etc (IBM, n.d). One of the most common information security best practices that I have found in all the above mentioned websites is to develop strong password protection for logging in / logging out of any system. One of the main reasons for emphasizing the strong passwords is that despite the development and implementation of latest technologies to protect secured information, the information can easily have unauthorized access if the user has not developed a strong password to secure its personal information. Moreover, most of the information leakage is due to the same reason, as a common hacker can attack to the vulnerability of weak password and break into your philliplewis197297http://www.blogger.com/profile/15728386182693377917noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-150437676273252703.post-84244195457786700952020-02-01T20:00:00.001-08:002020-02-01T20:00:02.473-08:00Fingerprints history Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 wordsFingerprints history - Coursework Example Factors that are contributing to the fingerprint occurrence are skin pliability, pressure, slippage, texture of the surface of materials, and the likes. Types of fingerprints are exemplar that is use in instances like enrollment, latent that is being used in forensic investigation, patent that is the mark made by flour and the likes, plastic by holding the very material, and electronic recording that is assisted with technology to identify the fingerprints purposely (Manchester Evening News 2010). Three historical people have contributed to the science of fingerprints. They are Marcello Malpighi (1628 ââ¬â 1694), Edward Henry (1850 ââ¬â 1931), and Henry Faulds (1843 ââ¬â 1930). Although there were also numerous historical people who have contributed to the science of fingerprints, the selection of the three are due to their distinctive contribution to one another as the rest tend to overlap with their works. It is also a selection based on chronological discoveries. Marce llo Malpighi. Marcello Malpighi was an Italian physicist whose famous contribution was the ââ¬Å"Malpighian Tubule System.â⬠Marcello had studied anatomical studies and published books on anatomy. In one of his books, he illustrated the detailed ridge structure of the fingers. philliplewis197297http://www.blogger.com/profile/15728386182693377917noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-150437676273252703.post-77325480930882065842020-01-24T16:24:00.001-08:002020-01-24T16:24:03.969-08:00Resistance to the Nazis: The White Rose Essay -- WWII, German history The Nazi Party, controlled by Adolf Hitler, ruled Germany from 1933 to 1945. In 1933, Hitler became the Chancellor of Germany and the Nazi government began to take over. Hitler became a very influential speaker and attracted new members to his party by blaming Jews for Germanyââ¬â¢s problems and developed a concept of a ââ¬Å"master race.â⬠The Nazis believed that Germans were ââ¬Å"racially superiorâ⬠and that the Jewish people were a threat to the German racial community and also targeted other groups because of their ââ¬Å"perceived racial inferiorityâ⬠such as Gypsies, disabled persons, Polish people and Russians as well as many others. In 1938, Jewish people were banned from public places in Germany and many were sent to concentration camps where they were either murdered or forced to work. Many individuals and groups attempted to resist Nazism in Germany, but were unsuccessful. The White Rose, The Red Orchestra and the Kreisau Circle all advocated non-viol ent resistance to oppose the Nazi regime and even with the high risk of getting caught and potentially killed, the courageous members of these groups went after what they believed was right despite the serious consequences. The White Rose was formed in Munich in 1942 by students at the University of Munich named Hans Scholl, Sophie Scholl, Willi Graf and Alexander Schmorell. These students constantly heard others discuss the atrocities of Hitlerââ¬â¢s regime and the disturbing stories of over 200,000 Jewish people being murdered. Hans Scholl, the leader of the White Rose group, decided to take action as he could no longer stay silent while so many civilians were being murdered. The White Rose group strived to raise awareness of Hitlerââ¬â¢s actions and to help end Anti-semitism in Germany and ensure... ...ited States Holocaust Memorial Museum. United States Holocaust Memorial Council. Web. 12 May 2014. Sheehan, Sean. Why Did the Holocaust Happen? New York, NY: Gareth Stevens Pub., 2011. Print. Shuter, Jane. Resistance to the Nazis. Chicago: Heinemann Library, 2003. Print. "The Kreisau Circle." Kreisau Circle. Web. 14 May 2014. "The Germans Who Tried to Topple Hitler." BBC News. Web. 21 May 2014. "The Leaflets." White-rose-studies. Web. 20 May 2014. "The Red Orchestra (Die Rote Kapelle)." Berliner Themenjahr 2013. Web. 22 May 2014. ""The Red Orchestra": Actions of Little-known Nazi-resistance Group Are Brought to Light." Movies. Web. 22 May 2014. "White Rose (German Anti-Nazi Group)." Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica. Web. 12 May 2014. "World War II: The White Rose Resistance Group." About.com Military History. Web. 12 May 2014. philliplewis197297http://www.blogger.com/profile/15728386182693377917noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-150437676273252703.post-33742778227343567662020-01-16T12:48:00.001-08:002020-01-16T12:48:04.279-08:00Manufacturers Inc. Compensation Stratagies EssayExecutive Summary: To my fellow Human Relations co-workers, upper management, and ownership: I have been asked to put together a report of different ways we can compensate the employees we have above and beyond their normal pay for the outstanding job they do . I have found that there are in fact countless ways that we can compensate them; however, I have compiled a list of the ways I feel would best suit our company. First there is the general pay raise/ bonus. With this we would increase the pay that our employees receive; however, there are drawbacks that would include our overhead drastically increasing. Next I have looked at Phantom Stock Plans. These are for our long term employees and intend on staying with our company. These are stocks that we give them that mimic the actual stock shares in our company without being real stocks. By doing this, the employee is motivated to help the company grow and profit, because they profit from this as well. I have also lookedà into Stock Appreciation Right s. These are also like the Phantom Stock Plans, however they are designed more for new hires in that they have no initial monetary value. The value of them grows as the company grows; however, they are not available for the employee to cash in until a certain time, which the company would designate. Finally, I have taken a look at implementing a 401(k) retirement plan for our employees. I have gone over and explained what all needs to take place for us to implement this compensation package for our employees, and how the 401(k) works. After extensive research, I have compiled a list of recommendations that I a sharing with the management and ownership of this company. These include the immediate incorporation of the 401(k) retirement plan, and the consideration of the PSPs and SARs into our employeeââ¬â¢s benefits. Introduction: As a member of the human resources department at Manufacturers Incorporated I have been asked by my fellow human resources co-workers, as well as upper management, and ownership to put together a presentation on different types of compensation strategies and options. With these different types of strategies I have been asked to compare and contrast them to figure out which will be the best route for our growing company to pursue. Following my extensive research I have come up with several solutions that I believe may be very useful to our company. The first type of compensation that I have come up with is the general pay increases in our employeesââ¬â¢ hourly compensation. The next deals with different incentives that we may be able to offer them, and means by which our costs may not be as drastically affected. These two different stock shares allow the employee to have the benefits of owning stock in our growing company without us as a company actually giving out stock. They are essentially mock stocks that grow as our companyââ¬â¢s stock grows and becomes more profitable. The two different types of stocks options are Phantom Stock Plans and Stock Appreciation Rights. The final type of compensation strategy that I have researched is one that has to do with the future well-being of our employees when they decide it is time for them to retire. The retirement fund that I have researched is the 401(k) retirement fund plan. I believe that we as upper management and ownership should take part in the well-being of ourà employees, families, and their futures. I have put together a report of my findings for all of us to go over. Research Findings: Finding Number 1: Raises/ Bonuses The first strategy I have come up with is one where we increase monetary reward. Monetary rewards include salary, bonus, commissions, medical and health benefits, holidays, and retirement benefits. (SHR) Essentially we would be conducting performance reviews annually. A performance review is a meeting that we as upper management would have with each employee to discuss the results of their work, and the process they went through to get done what they did. The discussion normally involves an assessment of the employeeââ¬â¢s initiative, problem solving abilities, attitude, professional demeanor, and other aspects of their performance. (Jenkins) After we have conducted the employee reviews, we would have a meeting with the floor managers from all three shifts to go over their opinions of how they feel each of their personnel have performed through the year. At this time we would also get the opinion on who they feel could handle more responsibility, and who may have too much responsi bility or may not be performing up to the companyââ¬â¢s standards. After we have had the meetings with both the employees and the managers, we will go through and give pay raises to those individuals we have decided are the most deserving. I believe that these raises should not solely be based on seniority, but on the feedback we have received from the managers who work with the personnel every day. Analysis: The downfall to this straight forward concept lies in that of its expenses. We are a company of over 120 employees. As of now our average employee makes $12.75/ hour while working 40 hours a week. Now given this is an average, so some employees do make more than others, but if we were to give every employee we have a $.25 raise annually, that is an additional $62,400 expense that we would incur every year. As of now, not including upper management, we have an annual salary expense of $3,182,400. Additionally we must consider $120 , for every dollar that we decide to give in annual bonusââ¬â¢. If we were to give out only $100/ employee in bonusââ¬â¢, then thatà would accumulate to an additional $12,000/ year. If we are to give these raises and bonusââ¬â¢ annually, realistically this is not possible compensation strategy for our company to incur. Finding Number 2: Phantom Stock Plan The second monetary compensation option that I have come up with is the phantom stock plan. These plans are something that are normally given to a companyââ¬â¢s most loyal and long term employees who play a key role in the success of the company. (Schiff) The concept behind a phantom stock program is our companyââ¬â¢s commitment to pay the employees we have chosen an amount equal to the value of a portion of the shares of the companyââ¬â¢s stock. (Moynihan, 2010) What this will do for our company as a whole is the employees will take more interest in the company because they now have motivation to make our company grow. This is because they now are benefiting from the growth of the company in the way of the phantom stock plan. The phantom stock plan is normally structured so that the program tracks the economic benefits of actual stock ownership without giving up actual shares. (Moynihan, 2010) Analysis: The upside to having a phantom stock plan is one in which it is not going to affect us immediately in our finances. In fact I see only upside to this plan. We are going to be able to control how much phantom stock we want to give the individuals. Now keep in mind that we do need to make it enough that the employee feels empowered so they take a major interest in the well-being of the company. The PSPs are just like real shares, so they are going to have a dollar value at the time they are designated. Because of this they are essentially designed for our employees who have been here awhile. This is designed to reward them for the work that they have done in the past, and to encourage them to continue to build the value of the company because it is not only benefiting the company, but also benefiting them. (McGladrey, 2011) Finding Number 3: Stock Appreciation Rights The Stock Appreciation Rights or SAR is much like the Phantom Stock Plan; however, there are some differences. When the SARs are first implemented, there are no values to the shares of stocks when they are first given, unlike the PSPs. (Fidelity) Instead, SARs are based on fractional interestà that accumulates between the difference of the value of the shares value at the time they are awarded, and the value of the shares at a future settlement time. Analysis: Because SARs are for the future benefit of the employee, these are something that we may want to consider for new employees in the company. (Fidelity) These for us in the future would pay out like the Phantom Stock Plans; however, it does give us the financial security in that the employee cannot cash in his or her SAR until a set date that we as a company have decided. With this, if the employee were to decide that they no longer wish to work for our company, and it is before the set date we have determined, then we are no longer obligated to pay that employee his or her SAR. Finding Number 4: The 401(k) Retirement Plan The final compensation strategy I have explored outside of the normal salary of our employees is sponsoring a 401(k) program. The 401(k) program first came into effect in 1978. Congress decided that Americans needed a better way to save for retirement. They thought if they gave people a way to save more money or retirement while lowering their state and federal taxes, that more people might do just that. (Obringer) With the 401(k), our employees will decide how much money they want to put into the account per month. We as the company would then make a payroll deduction and put that money into their personal retirement account. This is great for the employee, because the money that is deducted from their pay is not taxed, which in turn allows them to pay less in income tax. We then act as a plan sponsor for the 401(k). With this we then hire an administrator to take care of the plan and its investments. After we have set this up all we have to do is send the money to the administrator and they and the employee take care of deciding how it is invested. (CNN) As of 2012, employees are allowed to put up to $17,000 into their account each year. With that, we as the company would also put profit sharing amounts into their account, up to what they have invested themselves. (ââ¬Å"What is a,â⬠) Analysis: In turn, I believe that this would be a great way to help compensate the employees that we have here. For them its ââ¬Å"free moneyâ⬠from usà (Manufacturers Inc.) and it is helping them towards their retirement. The cost that it costs the company is up to the employee. As of 2012 an individual is able to designate up to $17,000 a year to this account. We have the choice to match that 100% or whatever percent we decide to contribute towards their retirement. Recommendations: As a member of the Human Relations department here at Manufacturers Inc. I would recommend the following: Recommendation 1: Immediately implement a 401(k) retirement plan into action. For this I would suggest that we vigorously investigate what it takes for us as a company to start a 401(k) plan for our employees. Most people donââ¬â¢t want to have to work for the rest of their lives, and by helping them out with their dreams of retirement; we can help them get there quicker and give them something to work towards. As Harry Emerson Fosdick once said ââ¬Å"Donââ¬â¢t simply retire from something; have something to retire to.â⬠(ââ¬Å"Quotations: retirement,â⬠)This is exactly what we should plan to do for our employees. Recommendation 2: Follow up on the idea of implementing PSPs and SARs The idea of having money out there available to you for the hard work that you have put in and are yet to put in is going to be a huge motivator. I believe that if we were to put the se plans in action based off of peopleââ¬â¢s performances, then it would motivate them to be the best employee that they can be and this company needs the best employees we can possibly get. Conclusion: To finalize my findings, I have found that there are several different options of compensation strategies apart from our basic pay system that we could incorporate to help the employee morale and further the growth of our business. I have found that by increasing the pay to some of our key employees that we will incur a lot more expenses than we currently have the means for, however I have found that there are some better ways to compensate their hard work. I have found that the Phantom Stock Plan would be an outstanding way to further compensate the employees that have helped us grow to where we are now. By incorporating this plan, we can thank them for the hard work that they have put into our company already, and motivateà them to continue working hard in the future. This is going to benefit them, because as the value of our company grows, so does the value of their stock plans, helping them make more money for their retirement. I have also found that Stock Appreciation Rights w ould be a great way to compensate our new employees. By incorporating this plan, it will give our new employees extra motivation to work hard and take pride in the work that they perform for us here. By having stock appreciation rights, it allows them to build value in the stocks that we have given them as our company grows with their hard work. This in turn will allow them to have extra money on top of what they have already made with their salaries through their stock appreciation plan. Finally I have found that a 401(k) retirement plan is a fantastic way to compensate all of our employees. By doing this, it allows our employees a chance to save money for retirement tax free. It also allows them to get extra ââ¬Å"Free Moneyâ⬠from us as we match what they are saving for their retirement. By doing this it is going to build loyalty towards our company, and give them motivation to work hard and further the growth of our company. References: CNN. (n.d.). How does a 401(k) plan work?. Retrieved April 7, 2012 from http://money.cnn.com/retirement/guide/401k_401kplans.moneymag/index.htm Fidelity. (n.d.). About stock appreciation rights (sars). Retrieved April 7,2012 from http://personal.fidelity.com/products/stockoptions/aboutsar.shtml Jenkins, L. (n.d.). The performance review. Retrieved April 4, 2012 from http://www.salary.com/the-performance-review/ McGladrey. (2011). Lessons from recession increasing focus on incentive compensation programs. Retrieved April 6, 2010 from http://mcgladrey.com/Perspective/Lessons-from-recession-increasing-focus-on-incentive-compensation-programs Moynihan, D. (2010). Phantom stockââ¬âitââ¬â¢s alive!. Retrieved April 6, 2010 from http://www.shrm.org/hrdisciplines/compensation/Articles/Pages/PhantomStock.aspx Obringer, L. (n.d.). How 401 k plans work. Retrieved April 7, 2012 from http://money.howstuffworks.com/personal-finance/retirement-planning/401k.htm Quotations: retirement. (n.d.). Retrieved April 8, 2012 from http://www.quotegarden.com/retirement.html Schiff. (n.d.). Phantom stock philliplewis197297http://www.blogger.com/profile/15728386182693377917noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-150437676273252703.post-4593765331367300342020-01-08T09:11:00.001-08:002020-01-08T09:11:04.753-08:00Ethical Issues Raised By Bp - 1237 Words Introduction Despite decades of efforts to seek for alternative energy sources, fossil oil is still the single most important energy source for human being. However, oil industry brings about many ethical issues such as safety and environmental impact. In this ethics report, we will study one of the worldââ¬â¢s leading international oil company ââ¬â BP, who operates in nearly 80 countries . We will particularly discuss ethical issues raised by BP in oil industry in the United States (US) between 2002 and 2006. The three ethical issues which are going to be discussed are (1) safety issue in workplace depicted by the Texas City explosion in 2005, (2) honesty and fair dealing depicted by both Texas City explosion and Prudhoe Bay A-22 explosion inâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦2. Fluid level indicator in the splitter tower was not calibrated. The indicator showed that the flammable fluid in the splitter tower was at 8.4 feet and the level was still dropping, while in the actual situation the f luid continued to rise to 130 feet . 3. Undersized blowdown drum (a unit to collect overflowed fluid) could not accommodate the overflowing fluid. Eventually, the flammable gasoline spilled to the ground. An ignition source nearby caused the explosion. 4. Undermanned crew as many experienced workers were fired led to only a junior control board operator running three separate units on the accident day . All these three root causes can be attributed to the unscrupulous cost reduction where safety of the employees had been severely compromised. This is clearly an ethical issue. In a press release by US Chemical Safety Board (CSB), it is stated that CSB concluded ââ¬Å"organizational and safety deficiencies at all levels of the BP Corporation had caused the Texas City explosion . Despite repeatedly warning about the risk, BP chose to ignore it and put profit in higher priority than safety . The Texas City explosion could have been avoided with proper maintenance program and sufficient manpower. Honesty and Fair Dealing ââ¬â Texas City Explosion 2005 Prudhoe Bay A-22 Explosion 2002 After the Texas City explosion, BP fired six employees and put the blames on them. It was argued that the explosion wouldnââ¬â¢t have happened if the six employees did philliplewis197297http://www.blogger.com/profile/15728386182693377917noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-150437676273252703.post-39879136739158857102019-12-31T05:37:00.001-08:002019-12-31T05:37:02.702-08:00African American Women Under Slavery Essay - 2412 Words African American Women Under Slavery This paper discusses the experiences of African American Women under slavery during the Slave Trade, their exploitation, the secrecy, the variety of tasks and positions of slave women, slave and ex-slave narratives, and significant contributions to history. Also, this paper presents the hardships African American women faced and the challenges they overcame to become equal with men in todayââ¬â¢s society. Slavery was a destructive experience for African Americans especially women. Black women suffered doubly during the slave era. Slave Trade For most women who endured it, the experience of the Slave Trade was one of being outnumbered by men. Roughly one African woman was carried across theâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Exploitation The slave ownerââ¬â¢s exploitation of the black womanââ¬â¢s sexuality was one of the most significant factors differentiating the experience of slavery for males and females. The white manââ¬â¢s claim to the slave body, male as well as female, was inherent in the concept of the Slave Trade and was tangibly realized perhaps no where more than the auction block. Captive Africans were stripped of their clothing, oiled down, and poked and prodded by potential buyers. The erotic undertones of such scenes were particularly pronounced in the case of black women. Throughout the period of slavery in America, white society believed black women to be innately lustful beings. The perception of the African woman as hyper-sexual made her both the object of white manââ¬â¢s abhor rence and his fantasy. Within the bonds of slavery, masters often felt it was their right to engage in sexual activity with black women. Sometimes, female slaves made advances hoping that such relationships would increase the chances that they or their children would be liberated by the master. Most of the time, slave owners took slaves by force. For the most part, masters made young, single slaves the objects of their sexual pursuits. They did on occasion rape married women. The inability of the slave husband to protect his wife from such violation points to another fundamental aspect of the relationship between enslavedShow MoreRelatedVoices Of Freedom : Slavery s Impact On African American Literature1204 Words à |à 5 PagesSlaveryââ¬â¢s impact on African American Literature In the early to mid-nineteenth century, America found itself divided over the issue of slavery. The culture, traditions, and economy of southern states depended heavily on slave labor, while the northern states opposed the institution of slavery. Even though the slave trade was declared illegal in the early nineteenth century, slavery itself was not illegalized until more than a half century later. Abolitionists used powerful anti-slavery writings as aRead MoreA Brief Note On The Civil War And Its Impact On Women s Rights1461 Words à |à 6 Pagesamendments that eliminated slavery, gave citizenship to everyone born in the United States, protected peopleââ¬â¢s rights to due process, required equal protection under the law, and guaranteed voting rights to all American men. However, African American men were still segregated in terms of housing, work, equal pay, and schooling. Despite this unfair treatment, African American men received better treatment compared to their female counterparts. After the Civil War, all American women did not have the sameRead MorePrimary Source Analysis : Virginian Luxuries1339 Words à |à 6 Pages Relationships of power that featured in ââ¬Å"Virginian Luxuriesâ⬠(Document 1) include the relation between white power and African American slaves. On the left side of the portrait, their seems to be a white male kissing an enslave women, which is very ironic during this time period. On the left side of the portrait, it seems to be a white slave owner, whipping an African American slave. During this time, white people were not supposed to have any relationship with people of colored skin, but as historyRead MoreThe Life Of A Slave Girl By John S. Jacobs And A True Tale Of Slavery963 Words à |à 4 PagesSlavery in the American South is a well-documented culture with a well-known theme of corruption; however, Harriett A. Jacobs provides new insight as to the feministic repression due to the happenings of slavery. 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However, despite the fact that the African American slave family existed in a perpetually tumultuousRead MoreThe Impact Of The Westward Expansion On Women And African Americans991 Words à |à 4 Pages The Impact of the Westward Expansion on Women and African Americans The Westward Expansion started prior to The Revolutionary War, settlers were migrating westward to what states are now modern day Kentucky and Tennessee in hopes for a fruitful life and larger job opportunity. This Westward Expansion was aided through the Louisiana purchase in 1803, in which the United States purchased territory from France, resulting in doubling in size of the country. This Louisiana purchase was stretchedRead MoreThe Path to Aboliton 1312 Words à |à 5 Pagespolitical minds of Americans striving to influence the participation of the abolition movement. One of the many strategies used by American abolitionists was the use of slave narratives. This moral persuasion was a very useful tactic. The creation of these narratives helped white northerners identify with the mindset of an African American slave in the south. The narratives illustrated the experiences slaves overcame to find freedom. Another major strategy that was useful to the slavery movement was theRe ad MoreAnalysis Of The Poem Aint I A Woman 1079 Words à |à 5 Pageslives of Black women in America from Slavery to the present and their relation to feminism. Hooks felt that there was an absence of books about the African American woman that were available. While there were books about individual African American women and their experiences in the oppressive American system, she believed that those womenââ¬â¢s stories could not be generalized for all African American women. It was necessary to have a book at this time that acknowledged not black women and the two typesRead MoreAfrican Americans During The Civil War1499 Words à |à 6 Pagesrepetition. African Americans lived a life of torture and control. Every aspect of their life was supervised, including their clothing. Slaves were forced to dress all similar, and were provided with minimal inexpensive fabric to cover their bodies. Disallowing them to choose their personal attire stripped African Americans from their ide ntity. African Americans went through horrific period of time, forcing them to live inhumanely and poorly. ` Slavery, a corrupt period of time for African Americans continuesRead MoreEssay on Slavery, Womens Rights and Inequality in America1540 Words à |à 7 Pagestyranny. The foundation of American values lay in a belief of independence, nationalism, capitalism, and religion. However, many conflicts have arisen over these values in the past. Capitalism and other characteristics have made America great, but they have brought about their own set of inequalities. Those inequalities have deep roots in race, culture, gender, and wealth. In the 1800s two of the biggest conflict lies with the issue of slavery and womenââ¬â¢s rights. African slaves helped build the philliplewis197297http://www.blogger.com/profile/15728386182693377917noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-150437676273252703.post-44227325972496068262019-12-23T01:24:00.001-08:002019-12-23T01:24:02.758-08:00Essay about The Case Analysis of Caffeine - 765 Words Part One: The ethical issue of Fair Trade coffee We all know that coffee is something essential in our daily and maybe we all used to have one of them when it is needed, but only a few of us know the trading process of coffee and how does it travel from the coffee tree to our paper cup. The article is mainly about the unfair trading in the coffee trading process and provided a idea called Fair Trade coffee, but even the Fair trade have some ethical issues. Because there is too many stages in coffee trading and big companies like Procter Gamble, Kraft food and Nestle etc. purchased so many coffees that they have the edge and power to almost control coffee purchased price from famers. Because of the two reasons, it has been a long timeâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦When facing the customers, those companies or stores claims their products are produced by Fair Trade coffee beans should be honest to customers because customers cant know where the coffee beans are from, how much the companies paid for those coffee beans. These information can only be known from the companies itself. So at the time period, companies should be responsible to customers if they charge more money because customers are buying a Fair Trade coffee. When think about the farmers prospect, companies should also be responsible for them because the price paid to them should be reasonable when linked to their retail price. Like companies charged 1 more dollar on a Fair Trade coffee but only increased 50 cents to the coffee beans purchase price, its a dishonest to the farmers and it will be no longer a Fair Trade. Another thing companies should be responsible to farmers is that when they suggesting to increase or decrease the plant grow amount, they have to be responsible for the consequence instead of leave the farmers away after out of control in purchase price or purchase number. Part Three: The companies response and solutions to the issue The companies who conducted fake Fair Trade activities has apologized for their behavior and changed their price to which it suppose to be. 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It can be used with both discrete and continuous data, although its use is most often with continuous data median 20 kmRead MoreCoffee Is The Most Consumed Drink Of The World And Especially For College Students1284 Words à |à 6 Pagesregions that control sleep, mood, and concentration, slowly dissipating over three to four hours, which is plenty of time for you to get through your morning inbox, survive the staff meeting, return a few calls, and then get ready for lunch. In some cases, coffee has been discussed to protection against many kinds of diseases while the others it was tied to adverse effects. Many researchers have found out that drinking coffee can reduce the risks of many diseases, such as diabetes type II, liver diseaseRead MoreSwot Analysis Of Energy Drink1563 Words à |à 7 Pages 4. Keylee Brown 4.0 S.W.O.T Analysis: Threats Threats (Keylee) When it comes to Monsters Energy there are a few threats they have like competitors, government regulations, people learning about the harm from energy drinks, and people moving to healthier alternatives. Monsters biggest threat to their business it would be one of their competitors, Red Bull. In 2015, Red Bull had a market share of about 43%, while Monster in a close second had 39% of the market, allowing them to have that slight advantage philliplewis197297http://www.blogger.com/profile/15728386182693377917noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-150437676273252703.post-84137472658987548602019-12-14T21:52:00.001-08:002019-12-14T21:52:05.298-08:00Social and environmental accounting case study of AVIVA and CSR Free Essays string(91) " clear that some part of the world is trying to do something on behalf of the environment\." Introduction Corporate Social Report (CSR) is one of the ways to check how well developed accounting is in the company. Oliver Dubigeon in its article discerns two kinds of companies: the one who begin to account for their social, corporate and environmental responsibility to improve the impression of their reputation and acceptability to civil society and the second who understands that it is a response at this very moment to the ââ¬Ëright to knowledge and participationââ¬â¢ that civil society is demanding, if not to eliminate the risks to their daily life and to future generations, then at least to control and master them. First and second parts of this report will be analyzing an insurance company AVIVA, who like one of international community member, has its corporate responsibility. We will write a custom essay sample on Social and environmental accounting case study of AVIVA and CSR or any similar topic only for you Order Now So it is necessary to find out whether this company belongs to the first or second category of discerned companies. Moreover, it is important to look how accountability is pursued in AVIVA company and how it takes responsibility in solving global warming problem. The second part of the report also considers the impact of professional accountancy bodies in global warming, how they deal with global warming issue in reporting. The third part will evaluate the role of global Socially Responsible Investment on the development of accountability. This section will not be specifically concerned with AVIVA company, but it will be considering about the increase of accountability and social and environmental accounting and of course the behaviour for companies. Part 1 ââ¬â accountability Accountability is a concept that relates to flows of information, where those controlling resources provide accounts to society of their use of those resources. So, corporate accountability can be defined as the systematic and public communication of information that is designed to justify an organizationââ¬â¢s decisions and actions to various stakeholders.The other definition of accountability made Gray, Owen and Adamsshows that there are two duties: responsibility to take actions and responsibility to account for those actions. The best feature of accountability is that it can show the external verification of the companyââ¬â¢s performance ââ¬â how well they minimize the social impact of a companyââ¬â¢s activity, provide good working conditions for employees and contractors, and create an acceptable arrangement for the distribution of benefits and services. It also can show that company does not carry out with its duties properly. Social Reporting(CSR) is one of the biggest challenges for company on CSR and lack of understanding how properly to do this can be the main problem in bad reporting. Sometimes the content of a report do not reflect actual performance, or it may be incomplete. The problem is that many organisations do not really understand the meaning and purpose of CSR. It is a mistake to think that it is simply engaging in philanthropic activities or making donations. It involves much more than this. Companies do the reporting because of very different reasons. Ones wants to reveal all the information about companyââ¬â¢s acts to society, other want to create a ââ¬Å"positiveâ⬠look about the company, and the thirds just do not really know why they do this, but just tries to follow the ââ¬Å"modelâ⬠companiesââ¬â¢ example. Annual report and the financial statements are as a mechanism for discharging accountability. It also includes financial and non-financial information to improve transparency and understandable information enabling users to assess a firmââ¬â¢s performance. AVIVA is an insurance company in which CRS involves a strong organisational commitment to social obligations and the internalization of these obligations in the culture of the organization as well as the mobilization of employees to execute these obligations in their day-to-day actions. But is it all like it soundsAVIVA looks like a big company which seeks to be the leading one in insurance industry, but there can be very contradictory reasons for doing this: the ones which company wants to tell in public and the others which it wants to keep inside the company. The reasons AVIVA company is so active and responsible in such reporting is because it feels responsible for being an example of correct behaviour for all other beings, this company cares about planet and people. These non ââ¬â financial reasons shows about companies universal responsibility. There are and financial reasons, which are promoted in CSR, such as reducing risks and increasing profits, because of an improved reputation in various markets.This company reacts to its customers, colleagues and everyone where they operate and takes positive actions towards climate change that shows good level in listening and dialogue with the society around it. Although, AVIVA makes an impact to accountability, they improve their skills and experience every year and this can be easily seen in their reports. Company was one of the first companies who helped developing and started using the HRH Prince of Walesââ¬â¢ Accounting for Sustainability (A4S) connected reporting framework for their performance report.Using this framework AVIVA reported about greenhouse gas emissions, waste, resource usage, customer advocacy and investing in communities. AVIVA is a very good example for other organisations who wish to connect sustainability performance with business strategy. This company has a very valuable case study, which explains how following Connected Reporting Framework reaches good sustainability reporting practice. AVIVA also put their CR Report to a separate shareholder vote at the 2010 AGM and they are the first company in UK by doing this. All this proves about Avivaââ¬â¢s active and valuable contribution to CSR, because even being a right example for other companies it already helps for better and clearer understanding in CSR area which is still found difficult for organisations to understand and make valuable reporting. Part 2 ââ¬â accounting for global warming Todayââ¬â¢s actions will affect future generations, and nowhere is this more evident than in our approach to climate change and the environment. Global warmin is long lasting problem in the world. There are a lot of different opinions about this, but it is clear that some part of the world is trying to do something on behalf of the environment. You read "Social and environmental accounting case study of AVIVA and CSR" in category "Essay examples" The insurance industry has the most to lose from the increasingly extreme weather that scientists agree is the result of global warming. Avivaââ¬â¢s strategy is to control their own impacts and resources, including water, gas, waste and electricity. The main impact on the environment is Avivaââ¬â¢s total carbon dioxide emissions. There is a small number of companies, who are carbon neutral, but AVIVA was the first insurer to offset emissions on a global basis and become carbon ââ¬â neutral, this company is a good example for all other companies, who used more to talk than to act. AVIVA is a signatory and responding company to the Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP), moreover, in 2009 it was ranked eighth in the Carbon Disclosure Leadership Index for the FTSE350, third in the financial services sector and 38th overall in the FSTE Global 500. The results of emission reducing is best seen now, when in 2008 company reduced 6,6% of CO2 emissions and further 5,2% in 2009. Companies aim is to reduce their carbon emissions by 30% till 2020, from their 2006 baseline, which is 120000 tones of CO2. Company also encourages others to do the same, to manage and reduce the CO2 output, because CO2 is the principal ââ¬Ëgreenhouseââ¬â¢ gas contributing to global warming. AVIVA has invested in cutting-edge tropical storm research, revamped its flood models to incorporate global warming, publicized the need for action and encouraged reduced vehicle usage with pay-as-you-drive insurance. During the period of 2005 ââ¬â 2010 AVIVA company continuously improved and reported of their direct and indirect environmental impacts. In all these years AVIVA company is trying to develop products and services that provide a positive link between climate change and premium paid. In 2005 AVIVA established a climate change forum to coordinate related activities across their businesses. In the same year, company involved in including flood research, flood mitigation and prevention work, sponsored a pan-European flood project. 2008 was the year, when AVIVA concentrated on water: they helped people to prepare to deal with a flood and shared the information how to limit the damage. Company is encouraging others to make responsible choices and tries to promote good environmental practice among their colleagues, customers and suppliers. In fact, Norwich Union is playing a leading role helping to mitigate the effects of global warming. The other offer made, seeking to provide right dec isions for environment was in 2006, by offering reduced premium insurance for drivers of hybrid and flexi ââ¬â fuel Ford cars. 2007 was the year of projects. During this time, AVIVA made a progress on three strategic areas to combat climate change: carbon reduction, carbon offsetting and enhanced employee education and engagement. Biogasproject, wind turbineproject, ââ¬Å"Green cementâ⬠project, treadle plumps and other projects where AVIVA company participates, shows that this company is very active in environments protection, it belongs to various organizations, sponsors projects and also takes valuable actions inside the company, such as signing a ââ¬Ëgreenââ¬â¢ service level agreement with Hewlett Packard (HP) in 2009, for the provision and running of two data centers which are ran by ââ¬Ëeco friendlyââ¬â¢ or renewable power sources. AVIVA is an independent auditor, which uses the guidance of rules made of International Federation of Accountantsââ¬â¢ (IFAC). This organisation made a contribution to global warming by considering this problem from a strategic perspective: it explored the enterprise governance model which encourages organisations to view governance as having a performance as well as conformance perspective. The aim of this model was to consider why corporate governance often fails in companies and, more importantly, what must be done to ensure that things go right. It still seems like the professional accountancy bodies are not involved in global warming problems as they could be.This proposition is wrong, because a professional accountancy body keeps an eye to global economy. Issue of sustainability is not an exemption too. In the company accountants might also become involved in the development of environmental and social accounting, by doing this, accountants would be involved in the organizationââ¬â¢s management of environmental performance at all points of the company.Environmental accounting, accurate global warming, shows the interaction between the world and the company. Part 3 ââ¬â socially responsible investment UK Investment Forum, describes socially responsible investment (SRI) as ââ¬Ëââ¬Ëinvestments enabling investors to combine financial objectives with their social valuesââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬â¢.Miller A. SRI equates to Ethical investments and explains them as the contribution towards particular social and environmental aims. So, socially responsible investment seeks for two benefits: social good and financial return. The problem arises when this investment becomes more money making than improving social, ethical values, becoming eco ââ¬â friendly company. Of course, it can not be said about all organisations that they look just for profit for themselves, in many companies it is more a positive issue ââ¬â they help environment, takes care of it and also helps other companies as being a right example. That shows that positive and negative criteriaââ¬â¢s can be made analyzing SRI market. In recent years, SRI has experienced an explosive growth around the world. The growing increase in global SRI determines the better and wider understanding about companies ethical values in environment. Without good environmental management company would not achieve the maximum of profitable green investing. It is understandable why companies want financial profits of all investments, but it is important to seek more for the positive aspects of the green investments. So, there are negative and positive aspects investing in SRI. Ethical investments have financial returns, but unfortunately very small ones. Anyway, the SRI is expected not to stop growing, because it does not matter that there will be less companies, who aims to get non-financial utility from investing in SRI, it is important that at least some investors would care less about financial performance. Crisis has led to the increase of financial accounting. One of the reasons for such close accounting implication can be that a company can show very positive ââ¬Ësuccessââ¬â¢ indicators to the environment by doing this. Moreover, the information made by accountants is needed for profitable shareholders decisions in global socially responsible investments. Social accounting (social reporting) provides all stakeholders with information about the social and environmental activities and impacts of the organizationit is necessary because it is the way for stakeholders to decide for themselves if a company was really socially responsible or not.Firms ignoring social responsibility may destroy long run shareholder value due to reputation losses and/or potential litigation costs. Issue like global warming has gained attention by governments and investors around the world. This means that increase in SRI will not stop growing. Environmental reporting is one of two areas where environmental agenda has encouraged the greatest development in organizational practice.The good thing is if the company gets non-financial benefits from SRI, because in that case the investors would not care so much about the money, financial profit, which they can get from these investments. Otherwise the problems with personal or societal values can arise. The question needed to answer is whether the stakeholders care about the values mentioned aboveUnfortunately, social disclosure and social performance are the subjects shareholders care about just in how they affect the financial performance. The ethical positions of organizations, takes just a little part of the things shareholders cares about. The ethical norms which characterize a company are fundamental to any green investment analysis. They include the integrity of the vision and leadership of top management, and a companyââ¬â¢s openness and accountability to its employees and to the outside world. Companies economic behaviour can be seen in the works it done. The increase in SRI is one of the factors which can determine and reveal whether the company has positive or negative behaviour in investing. Heinkel et al. (2001) suggests looking if company investors are green or neutral investors and whether they have a clean or a polluting technology. The other problem is that the company which is pursuing social and environmental goals can suffer in competitive market. So, both of the profits need to be balanced. SRI must be an investment where part of the returns is donated to good causes.Corporate governance have to reflect the positive screening of the company, it is preferred that company would be focused on social welfare in addition to value maximization. Conclusion AVIVA company is one of these companies who cares about their customers, employers and tries to be the right example for everyone in reporting, activities related with environment, behavior which can be called representative for other organizations in successful development. Being the leading organization in Corporate reporting this company seeks to concentrate to positive values and behavior. AVIVA company makes a lot of good works in global warming issue, it is active inside and outside the organization, tries to ââ¬Å"infectâ⬠the other organizations and people by environmentally friendly behavior and the results is already seen. Of course, only positive and valuable works showed in Avivaââ¬â¢s Corporate reporting makes human doubts about good faith of this company, but otherwise by having a good name this company gain confidence of customers, shows a good example for other insurers and of course the same logics asks a question why such company would harm and disparage it s reputationSo, it can be said that this company is the one who understands that it is responsible to control and master the ââ¬Ëright to knowledge and participationââ¬â¢ which civil society is demanding for. Bibliography Books: Dave Owen ââ¬ËGreen Reporting: Accountancy and the challenge of the ninetiesââ¬â¢ Chapman Hall 1992 Gray, R., Owen, D. and Adams, C., Accounting and accountability: Changes and challenges in corporate social and environmental reporting, London: Prentice Hall Europe, 1996 John Houghton ââ¬ËGlobal Warming : the complete briefing ââ¬â¢ 2nd edition, Cambridge University P., 1994 Jose Allouche, Corporate Social Responsibility Volume 1 Concepts, Accountability and Reporting, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006 Rob Gray, Dave Owen, Keith Maunders Corporate Social Reporting: Accounting and accountability 1987 Rob Gray, Jan Bebbington Accounting for the environment 2nd edition, Rob Gray with Jan Bebbington 2001 Journal articles: Anne Ellerup Nielsen, Christa Thomsen ââ¬ËReporting CSR ââ¬â what and how to say it?ââ¬â¢ 2007 Aarhus School of Business, Denmark Volume: 12 Issue:1 pp. 25-40 Ainscough, T., Hill, R.P., Shank, T. Manullang, D. 2007, ââ¬ËCorporate Social Responsibility and Socially Responsible Investing: A Global Perspectiveââ¬â¢, Journal of Business Ethics, vol. 70, no. 2, pp. 165-174. Experts who put a premium on expecting the worst and working out what it costs NON-FINANCIAL RISK: Mike Scott looks at the mechanisms employed by the insurance industry to minimise the impact of risk on its balance sheet: SURVEYS EDITION 2007, , London (UK). Garry Booth, ââ¬ËClimate change: Talk needs to turn into actionââ¬â¢, 2008 Reactions. Janet M Epps and Fiona L Solomon, ââ¬ËAdding Social Value Through Accountability in Mineral Developmentââ¬â¢ 2000 The AusIMM Annual Conference, Sydney, [online]. Available from: http://www.minerals.csiro.au/sd/CSIRO_Paper_Accountability.htm [accessed 20/03/11] Jean Raar ââ¬ËReported social and environmental taxonomies: a longer-term glimpseââ¬â¢ 2007 Deakin University, Burwood, Australia Volume: 22 Issue: 8 pp. 840-860 McGuire, D. Garavan, T.N., ââ¬ËHuman Resource Development and Society: Human Resource Developmentââ¬â¢s Role in Embedding Corporate Social Responsibility, Sustainability, and Ethics in Organizationsââ¬â¢, 2010, vol. 12, no. 5, Advances in Developing Human Resources, pp. 487-507 Ter Horst, J., Zhang, C. Renneboog, L. 2008, ââ¬ËSocially responsible investments: Institutional aspects, performance, and investor behaviorââ¬â¢, Journal of Banking Finance, vol. 32, no. 9, pp. 1723-1742. Reports and On-line sources: Aviva plc Annual Report and Accounts 2009, 2008, 2007, 2006 and 2005 [online]. Available from: http://www.aviva.com/corporate-responsibility/reports/?category=All [accessed 01/03/11] Accounting for Sustainability. [online]. Available from: http://www.accountingforsustainability.org/output/Page136.asp [accessed 01/03/11] Climate care. Treadle pumps in India. [online]. Available from: http://www.jpmorganclimatecare.com/projects/countries/treadle-india/ [accessed 14/03/11] Climate friendly Hebei Kangbao Wind Project Project Profile [online]. Available from: https://climatefriendly.com/projects [accessed 20/03/11] International Federation of Accountants [online] Available from: http://www.ifac.org/ [accessed 13/04/11] Insurance company AVIVA web page [online]. Available from: http://www.aviva.co.uk/ [accessed 20/02/11] Going green [online]. Available from: http://www.lowcarbonconcrete.ie/documents/ScanofarticleJan2009-smallOCR.pdf [accessed 20/03/11] Practical Action. Biogas: power from cow dung. [online]. Available from: http://practicalaction.org/biogas [accessed 14/03/11] Special English development report. ââ¬ËThe Importance of a Simple Water Pumpââ¬â¢[online]. Available from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A36hUKNPy-Q [accessed 20/02/11] How to cite Social and environmental accounting case study of AVIVA and CSR, Free Case study samples philliplewis197297http://www.blogger.com/profile/15728386182693377917noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-150437676273252703.post-83347233674992373632019-12-06T18:16:00.001-08:002019-12-06T18:16:04.865-08:00The Logical Form of Data Question: Describe the decision process for determining the logical form of data collection and how data are stored once the data are collected, Assess the purpose of information storage systems. Create a taxonomy based on a concept (e.g., decision-making) describing the benefits of various types of databases (e.g., spatial, object-relational, extended relational, bio-diversity [taxonomic], multimedia), optical storages, and data warehouses (e.g., web-enabled, data marts) and the purpose of the data stored. Conclude how organizational leaders might deploy your model to make effective business decisions. Answer: Data Collection and Data Storage Data collection and management is a strategic approach to gathering the data and information from the relevant source and storing those data in an appropriate and useful manner. The collection of data begins after a research problem is defined. This defined an ongoing systematic collection; analysis and interpretation of data are for future use (Freeman, 2010). Data collected in a systematic manner and then stored in appropriate manner helps in searching of data in future. That means if any information needed in future then one can directly refer to the collected data for quick search, this helps in saving a lot of time of persons, and they can easily focus on their other job. There are two types of data Primary and Secondary data. Data collected for the first time is Primary data, and data collected by someone or already passed is secondary data. Tough for collecting these data there is need for take correct decision such as decision of collecting the data from the correct and appro priate source, data collected is relevant or not, unnecessarily collection of a lot of data, attention to policy and procedure of gathering data etc. This decision-making process for the collection of data is very important (Rudolph, 2014). There a various method employed for collection of data. Some of them are mentioned below: Direct Observations After the collection of data the second concern is storage of data. Data collection is not only to how and what is collected but also how to store data.After collecting the data those data, must be stored securely but also made easily available for analysis. Basic data processing principles should followed for management of data. Original raw data should be stored in the databases. Data collection systems should be integrated to the data management systems. An adequate personnel and financial resources are needed to maintain, make regular archives protect the data. To ensure the confidentiality and integrity access must need to be controlled. Earlier to store the collected data traditional methods were used but today is the time of electronic data storage (Kew, 2010). This storage format is easily adaptable to evolving computers. Some other considerations for storing the data electronically such as: Low cost Fast access to data Capability to archive the data A backup system In above discussion data collection and storing the collected data is discussed in details that clarify the types, method of data collection, and the importance of storing the data securely. Information Storage Systems Computes are highly efficient for storing the managing the data. Computers have the capability to collate the vast amount of data and information. With the widespread use of databases, spreadsheets, emails, transfer of data electronically have increased the speed as well as the volume of storing the data. These techniques also help in turning the individuals bits of data into useful information for others. Information storage media also can be hardware that is used to accumulate the huge amount of data physically. These storage devices come mainly in three forms: optic, solid state and magnetic. Floppy disks, tapes and hard drives are the form of magnetic storage systems (McCool and St. Amant, 2009). Optical devices came in forms of flat circular discs and made of very strong plastic. Solid state storage systems are mainly available in three forms SSD (solid- state-drives), SSC (solid- state- cards) and SSM (solid- state- modules). These devices are used for the storage of large amou nt data for a long period sometimes forever. The software devices are economical and easy to carry anywhere along with us. Maintenance of these devices is also easy. The use of e-mails, spreadsheets, databases are also easy to access and manage from anywhere. Taxonomy Describing the Benefits of Databases A strategic potential of the Information System is now well recognized. The five decision-making processesnamely, planned, provincial, incremental, fluid, and politicalseem quite distinct, in terms of the activities involved and the influences encountered, as well as the conditions under which they are used. A database is created to accumulate information there are several advantages of databases systems such as enhanced data sharing, improved data security, better data integration, data inconsistency is less, improved data access, Improved decision making, increased end- user productivity, etc. Decision making is better because of improved access to data and better management of data (Larson, 1982). It is a comprehensive data to promote the timeliness, accuracy and validity of data providing a framework to facilitate data quality initiatives. An object- relational Database system is database extends the relational database management systems. In this databases attributes of tuples to have complex types including the non- atomic values. In the schemas of the object, classes and inheritance are supported directly in schemas of database and query language. Relational foundations are preserved in this database model. Spatial Database Management System allows spatial data types in the model as well as in query language. Spatial indexing is important and mandatory (Sunil, Seetha and Vinotha, 2012). This type of database also supports connected objects from different classes are also supported by this type of database through some spatial relationships. Extended Relational Database Systems: Extended relational databases are widely used for designing of database tools. E-R model of database designing is used for storage and processing. It is usually converted into the relational model (DATABASE Editorial Board 2009, 2009). This model describes the relation between two entities more broadly. This model is extended form of relational database. Bio- Diversity Database model is created to accumulate the information related to biological taxa. Taxonomic database systems are the automated construction of biological checklists. These databases are used to keep the track of biological information. This information stored in the taxonomic database can be accessed and used by any medical representatives or students, researchers or by anyone for the research purpose or to analyze the information and results provided (Wilde, 2010). Multimedia Database is the storage of multimedia data such as text, audio, video, images, animations, graphics, etc. This database is the combination of different media. With the rapid increase in digital information today the multimedia databases are used. This database is different from the traditional database management systems. Multimedia database is composed of complex data. Optical Storage is the electronic medium for storing the data. In optical storage, the data can be stored by using the low power laser beams. Digital data are encoded in the form of optical data with the help of laser beams. It provides a huge storage capacity. With the development of WORM, optical disks are now erasable but earlier it was not available. Data Warehouses are in support of decision- making process, non- volatile, time invariant, and subject oriented relational database designed for query and analysis. It does not support the transaction processing. Use of Database for making Effective Business Decisions A direct and positive impact has been made by the Database Management System (IT) on decision- making.Firms have found applications of Database Management System for their enterprise decision making necessities. To get a fruitful use of resources is expected from any IT system (McDougall, 2014). There are various examples which show the contribution of Database Management System in enhancing Decision- making in the corporate field (Birkinshaw and Jenkins, 2010). A direct and positive impact has been made by the Database Management System on decision making.Firms have found applications of database management system for their enterprise decision- making necessities. To get a fruitful use of resources is expected from any Database Management System (DATABASE Editorial Board 2009, 2009). Some points are mentioned below which help in improving decision- making for leaders in business: Enhanced data sharing Improved data security Better data integration Data inconsistency is less Improved data access Improved decision making Increased end- user productivity References: Birkinshaw, J., Jenkins, H. (2010). MAKING BETTER RISK MANAGEMENT DECISIONS.Business Strategy Review,21(4), 41-45. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8616.2010.00704.x DATABASE Editorial Board 2009. (2009).Database,2009(0), bap023-bap023. doi:10.1093/database/bap023 Freeman, R. (2010). Transplant Data Collection: You Get What You Pay for.American Journal Of Transplantation,10(7), 1503-1504. doi:10.1111/j.1600-6143.2010.03144.x Kew, S. (2010). Text messaging: an innovative method of data collection in medical research.BMC Research Notes,3(1), 342. doi:10.1186/1756-0500-3-342 Larson, J. (1982).Database management system anatomy. Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books. McCool, M., St. Amant, K. (2009). Field dependence and classification: Implications for global information systems.J. Am. Soc. Inf. Sci.,60(6), 1258-1266. doi:10.1002/asi.21050 McDougall, A. (2014). Making the right business decisions.BDJ Team,1, 14077. doi:10.1038/bdjteam.2014.77 Rudolph, T. (2014). Big Data Chancen und Gefahren.Mark Rev St. Gallen,31(1), 1-1. doi:10.1365/s11621-014-0313-7 Sunil, C., Seetha, J., Vinotha, S. (2012). Security Implications of Distributed Database Management System Models.International Journal Of Soft Computing And Software Engineering [JSCSE],2(11), 20-28. doi:10.7321/jscse.v2.n11.3 Wilde, M. (2010). Local Journal Utilization Report: Supporting Data for Collection Decisions.Collection Management,35(2), 102-107. doi:10.1080/01462671003615058 philliplewis197297http://www.blogger.com/profile/15728386182693377917noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-150437676273252703.post-65716355486219198632019-11-29T06:19:00.001-08:002019-11-29T06:19:02.733-08:00Cheating Making It a Teachable Moment philliplewis197297http://www.blogger.com/profile/15728386182693377917noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-150437676273252703.post-21979475465971135542019-11-25T13:23:00.001-08:002019-11-25T13:23:03.231-08:00The History of Video Recorders and TelevisionThe History of Video Recorders and Television Charles Ginsburg led the research team at Ampex Corporation in developing one of the first practical videotape recorders or VTRs in 1951. It captured live images from television cameras by converting the information into electrical impulses and saving the information on magnetic tape. By 1956, VTR technology was perfected and in common use by the television industry. But Ginsburg wasnââ¬â¢t done yet. He led the Ampex research team in developing a new machine that could run the tape at a much slower rate because the recording heads rotated at high speed. This allowed the necessary high-frequency response. He became known as the father of the video cassette recorder.â⬠à Ampex sold the first VTR for $50,000 in 1956, and the first VCassetteRs or VCRs were sold by Sony in 1971. The Early Days of Video Recording Film was initially the only medium available for recording television programs magnetic tape was considered, and it was already being used for sound, but the greater quantity of information carried by the television signal demanded new studies. A number of American companies began investigating this problem during the 1950s.à Tape Recording Technology Audio and video magnetic recording have had a greater impact on broadcasting than any other development since the invention of radio/TV transmission itself. Videotape in a large cassette format wasà introduced by both JVC and Panasonic around 1976. This was the most popular format for home use and for video store rentals for many years until it was replaced by CDs and DVDs. VHS stands for Video Home System. The First Television Cameras American engineer, scientist and inventor Philo Taylor Farnsworth devised the television camera in the 1920s, although he would later declare that theres nothing on it worthwhile. It was an ââ¬Å"image dissectorâ⬠that converted a captured imagine into an electrical signal. Farnsworth was born in 1906 on Indian Creek in Beaver County, Utah.à His parents expected him to become a concert violinist but his interests drew him to experiments with electricity. He built an electric motor and produced the first electric washing machine his family ever owned at the age of 12. He then went on to attend Brigham Young University where he researched television picture transmission. Farnsworth had already conceived of his idea for television while in high school, and he cofounded Crocker Research Laboratories in 1926 which he later renamed Farnsworth Television, Inc. He then changed the name again to Farnsworth Radio and Television Corporation in 1938. Farnsworth was the first inventor to transmit a television image comprised of 60 horizontal lines in 1927. He was only 21 years old. The image was a dollar sign. One of the keys to his success was the development of theà dissector tube that essentially translated images into electrons that could be transmitted to a TV. He filed for his first television patent in 1927. He had already won an earlier patent for his image dissection tube, but he lost later patent battles to RCA, which owned the rights to many of inventorà Vladimir Zworkyinââ¬â¢sà TV patents. Farnsworth went on to invent over 165 different devices. He held over 300 patents by the end of his career, including a number of significant television patents although he was not a fan of what his discoveries had wrought. His final years were spent battling depression and alcohol. He died on March 11, 1971, in Salt Lake City, Utah. Digital Photography and Video Stills Digital camera technology is directly related to and evolved from the same technology that once recordedà televisionà images. Both television/video cameras and digital cameras use a CCD or charged coupled device to sense light color and intensity. A still video or digital camera called the Sony Mavica single-lens reflex was first demonstrated in 1981. It used a fast-rotating magnetic disc that was two inches in diameter and could record up to 50 images formed in a solid-state device inside the camera. The images were played back through a television receiver or monitor, or they could be printed out. Advancements in Digital Technologyà NASA converted from using analog to digital signals with their space probes to map the surface of the moon in the 1960s, sending digital images back to earth. Computer technology was also advancing at this time and NASA used computers to enhance the images that the space probes were sending.à Digital imaging had another government use at the time ââ¬â in spy satellites. Government use of digital technology helped advance the science of digital imaging, and the private sector also made significant contributions. Texas Instruments patented a filmless electronic camera in 1972, the first to do so. Sony released the Sony Mavica electronic still camera in August 1981, the first commercial electronic camera. Images were recorded onto a mini disc and placed into a video reader that was connected to a television monitor or color printer. The early Mavica cannot be considered a true digital camera, however, even though it started the digital camera revolution. It was a video camera that took video freeze-frames. The First Digital Camerasà Since the mid-1970s, Kodak has invented several solid-state image sensors that convertà light to digital pictures for professional and home consumer use. Kodak scientists invented the worlds first megapixel sensor in 1986, capable of recording 1.4 million pixels that could produce a 5 x 7-inch digital photo-quality print. Kodak released seven products for recording, storing, manipulating, transmitting and printing electronic still video images in 1987, and in 1990, the company developed the Photo CD system and proposed the first worldwide standard for defining color in the digital environment of computers and computer peripherals. Kodak released the first professional digital camera system (DCS), aimed at photojournalists in 1991, a Nikon F-3 camera equipped with a 1.3-megapixel sensor. The first digital cameras for the consumerà market that would work with a home computer via a serial cable were the Apple QuickTake camera in 1994, the Kodak DC40 camera in 1995, the Casio QV-11 also in 1995, and Sonys Cyber-Shot Digital Still Camera in 1996. Kodak entered into an aggressive co-marketing campaign to promote its DC40 and to help introduce the idea of digital photography to the public. Kinkos and Microsoft both collaborated with Kodak to create digital image-making software workstations and kiosks which allowed customers to produce photo CD discs and add digital images to documents. IBM collaborated with Kodak in making an Internet-based network image exchange. Hewlett-Packard was the first company to make color inkjet printers that complemented the new digital camera images. The marketing worked and now digital cameras are everywhere. philliplewis197297http://www.blogger.com/profile/15728386182693377917noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-150437676273252703.post-71799828097379341852019-11-21T20:47:00.001-08:002019-11-21T20:47:03.245-08:00Industrial Revolution as a Trigger of Great Britain's Growth Research PaperIndustrial Revolution as a Trigger of Great Britain's Growth - Research Paper Example The improved military capability of Britain resulted in dispersed troops searching for cover. This scattering and its impact on command power were counteracted by the invention of the telegraph. With this improvement in British armed forces came an increase in the claim for order. Hence, the transformation in the industrial power of Britain influenced their military skills. Strategies and shrewdness became less significant than productivity and supply capacity. This also relates to the available combatant population as, increasingly, recruits came to be viewed as quantities much like ammunition replacement and bullet consumption. The bigger the military force, normally coming from a bigger population base, the higher the number of fatalities it would be capable of maintaining, enlarging the odds of victory. à Military production was an industry that rewarded innovation. In other major industries, traditional entrepreneurs were hesitant to invest in novel process technology. The government invested in the military industry and was indifferent with the production technology provided that the goods were finished and delivered on time. Numerous technological improvements, such as iron production, the use of machine implements, and conveyer belts, were initiated through military manufacturing. The technology built for the military industry then spread out into the civilian economic sector. And since it was at the time a verified technology patron who was usually vigilant were eager to invest into these enterprises which rather than dispensing iron to produce guns now transformed iron ore into pots and stoves.Iron manufacturing received special treatment from the military industry; appropriate coverage necessitates that one monitors the military uses to which iron was placed. This is particula rly significant since the yield of the iron industry in the eighteenth century went for fairly diverse uses than those related to the modern military industry. philliplewis197297http://www.blogger.com/profile/15728386182693377917noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-150437676273252703.post-34705275848142652302019-11-20T17:13:00.001-08:002019-11-20T17:13:04.678-08:00The Legacy of the Holocaust Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 5The Legacy of the Holocaust - Essay Example The Holocaust damaged society. The consequence of the Jewish Holocaust had a great effect on society in Germany and the entire world. This devastating murder of the Jewish people in Germany left thousands in mental and physical pain, and affect current society in a negative manner. It is estimated that more than ten million people were killed by the authoritarian Nazi regime under the leadership of Hitler (Haran 25). The effects of Holocaust continue to haunt those people who were exposed to it. For instance, as children and other survivors started aging the terrifying past returns to their mind. In turn, insecurities start to control their physiologic mind. It is also significant to note that the holocaust did not only affect the survivors and those who died but it affected the entire world. For instance, the holocaust provides an example of how dictatorship and prejudice in our society can be costly or detrimental (Haran 36-39). Following liberation, many survivors, especially of J ewish ancestry, feared to go back to the former homes due to anti-Semitism that existed in some parts of Europe and the trauma they had experienced in the concentration camps. Some survivors who returned to their homes feared for their security. For instance, in Poland, the presence of pogroms or violent anti-Jewish protests in towns like Kielce in 1946 made the Jewish fearful to return home (Haran 47). The holocaust and its effects left million of Jewish and non-Jewish refugees who lost their families and property. They experienced relentless anti-Semitism in their home nations. This made many people not ready to return to their homes. Most displaced Jewish preferred to settle in Palestine. philliplewis197297http://www.blogger.com/profile/15728386182693377917noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-150437676273252703.post-40050478321839858782019-11-18T16:47:00.001-08:002019-11-18T16:47:03.997-08:00Testing to Improve Educational Improvements Research PaperTesting to Improve Educational Improvements - Research Paper Example This project stresses that an educational standard is a means of improving school quality, by educating the need of effectiveness, and student data. By mandating the importance of educational values in public schools, these include states; policy makersââ¬â¢ not forgetting elected officials have the ability to increase the chance that students will obtain a minimum or set body of skills and information throughout their public-school education. Educational standardized achievement tests to determine learning quality as measuring high temperature with a tablespoon. Standardized success tests have a special measurement undertaking other than showing how good a school educational system is. Standardized tests should, therefore, be used to regulate the relative interpretations they were proposed to provide. Therefore, they should not be used to judge the quality of education. By looking at the significant reasons considered to be invalid in order to base inferences about the quality of education on standardized achievement test. This paper makes a conclusion that assessment aids in enhancing education and at the same time helps in recognizing how students use their knowledge in understanding and discovering. It also includes helping in developing and integrating new information by understanding the skills gained. It aids teachers and scholars to be acquainted with current understanding for future education. Thus educational standards are important in the assessment of the education process. philliplewis197297http://www.blogger.com/profile/15728386182693377917noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-150437676273252703.post-44667380894578187612019-11-16T05:20:00.001-08:002019-11-16T05:20:14.925-08:00Influence Of Media On The Public Behavior Sociology EssayInfluence Of Media On The Public Behavior Sociology Essay This research paper analyses the impact of Bollywood movies and generated ideas of romance and love marriage within middle and upper-middle class urban Pakistani marriages. It especially focuses on the influence of this on the acceptability of love marriages. It looks at selected samples of youngsters falling in the age group 17-29 and parents. Exceptions looked at are those falling outside the age group who had love marriages. The similarity of Indian and Pakistani mindset is scrutinized with respect to love marriages. It explores the issue of unacceptability of love marriages in Pakistan and the gradual changing trend. The vital role played by fantasy within Indian marriages is explored and the focal point is commercial Hindi films watched by the middle class of Karachi which fall within the genre of melodrama. Love marriages in bollywood are looked in depth. Finally the paper aims at exploring the factors responsible for the change in attitudes towards marriage and analysis of whe ther Bollywood movies influence is one of those factors which has considerably influenced the mindsets towards acceptance of love marriages in Pakistan. Research Question Have Bollywood movies influenced the increased acceptance of love marriages amongst the middle class of Karachi? Research Hypothesis Based on a review of literature as noted later in this proposal, there is one major hypothesis area that will guide the analysis of data i.e. Bollywood movies have influenced the increased acceptance of love marriages amongst the middle class of Karachi. Secondary Research Influence of Media on the public behavior How Does the Media Influence the Way People Behave? The influence of media on public behavior is becoming more and more significant as time is passing. With the development and advancement of new technology, it is possible to distribute media content pervasively with minimal costs. Because of a high demand and supply of media content, producers engage in competitive behavior and come up with new ways to catch attention of consumers. The type of content free media shows is solely dependent on the demand for media content. However, numerous research studies on the topic have revealed that media content can shape our thoughts and alter our behavior in a number of ways. The following part of the literature review will focus on the effects of media on the behavior and perception of the general population. Furthermore, a critical analysis of the impact of media on the conception of love marriages will be discussed with reference to research studies. Watching media content takes us into a different world or more specifically, a different level of consciousness. Media content not only arouses our cognitive neurons, but also changes our behavior if exposed frequently. The effect of media is not stopped even after exposure to media content is removed; instead it causes a lingering effect by initiating a gradual thought process that can lead to behavioral changes in many cases. A good example of behavioral manipulation caused by media content is the impact of action films on children. Research on television shows, movies, music and video games which contain violent behavior shows unequivocal connection between media violence and violent behavior in both short and long term (Anderson, et al., 2003). Empirical evidence shows children emulate violent behavior portrayed by the heroes in the movies thinking that they would be able to achieve their desired outcome though violent behavior just like hero tends to be victorious in the end of the movie. Children tend to adopt some behavioral aspects from media content over a long period of time. Moreover, some behavioral changes might change throughout the whole population as children adopt those behaviors as adults, practice those behaviors over others and leave a mark on the future generations. This is the reason why media is able to change some social norms that existed previously and why some nations are afraid o f cultural imperialism through media invasion. Media consumers, whether they know it or not, are affected by what they watch and what they see over a long period of time will still shape what they perceive as normal, thanks to oft-repeated themes and images in the land of movie love (Hefner, 2011). And while movies are not intended or expected to be entirely realistic, scholars of communication theorize that exposure to media like romantic comedies, especially for young people, can shape expectations about both romance and marriage, shifting adolescent perceptions about what love is like, and how to show it (McLanahan, 2008). Researchers followed 329 subjects over 15 years. They found that those who as children were exposed to violent TV shows were much more likely to later be convicted of crime. Researchers said that, Media violence can affect any child from any family, regardless of social class or parenting (Dispenza, 2011). All our actions are based on what we learn and what we know, and we as human beings learn by seeing and imitating. Following this trend of thought we can infer that as we see from movies, we tend to act accordingly, by the means of learning and practicing. Marriages When Frank Sinatra sang about love and marriage going together like a horse and carriage, he did not consider that to a great extent the cart is put before the ox. Marriages are arranged by parents in China, India and Indonesia three countries with 40% of the worlds population plus others that practice Buddhism, Islam and Hinduism. Pakistan is one such country where arranged marriages are practiced and dating is not permissible. Couples might get a 15-minute meeting followed in a few months by a wedding. But sparks are flying, and love marriages are breaking out in India, the worlds largest democracy, with 1.1 billion people.à CEO Raju Reddy of Sierra Atlantic in India, himself in an arranged marriage to childhood friend Neeraja, was surprised to learn at the Sierra Atlantic holiday party in December that about a dozen love marriages have germinated in recent years at the 13-year-old company. The Indian government does not differentiate in its marriage statistics. But young Indians interviewed say their observations suggest that 10% to 20% of their friends are having love marriages, and expert Poonam Barua, director of the Conference Boards India Operations, says that is probably true in most of Indias cities. Bollywood movies such asà Salaam Namasteà are based on the old formula of boy meeting girl and eventually fall in love. It will be decades, if ever, before love marriages dominate worldwide. In India, the trend is specific to the middle class of 350 million, not to the 70% of the country that remains rural. But the trend is undeniable, says Barua, whose niece began a love marriage on Feb. 2 with an Indian working for Citibank. Chambravalli and Mishra say if they have children, they also will be allowed to search for true love. In the meantime, Mom and Dad will be on the lookout. Plan A and Plan B, Mishra says. It seems like the neighbouring country Pakistan has been much influenced with this breakout of love marriages too. Similarity of Indian and Pakistani Mindset This section of the literature review focuses on how the Pakistani society and its mindset is similar to that of India which has led us to use most of our secondary research with regard to the Indian population. The fact that India and Pakistan have shared the same history coupled with the reality that both nations stand next to each other in the topographical location of the world map alone can point out how similar the thinking of these nations can be at one point in time and this section specifically focuses on the aspects through which the mindsets of the populations of these two nations can be hold similar. Originally, Pakistan and India have been a part of the same Indus civilization which has led them to having similar experiences and influences across decades. Before separation, Pakistan and India shared the same goal of freedom against the colonial rule and they were united in their fight against the British. Because of the division, a multitude of issues occurred regarding the distribution of power and dominance over the new nations and these resulted in frustration which turned the countries bitter towards each other. (India and Pakistan historic conflict and future outlooks, 2003). India, Pakistan and Bangladesh, all comprised the sub-continent at that time and the people residing in Hindustan lived together except the religious and cultural differences that had led to extremely brutal reactions and vast bloodshed at times, but this is only one side of the story the other side sticks to the fact that before the arrival of east India company in 1600 a mental asylum was created which reflects the sense of hospitability among the population there to take care of the mentally ill people as well as their society (S Sharma, 10/1984 ). This sense of love and affection is still present in both Pakistani and Indian community when residents of both countries visit the one anotherà [i]à . Furthermore, the established fact that the people of Pakistan came from the subcontinent makes it likely that the mind set of both the nations is parallel. Politically, both the countries have more or less a similar government structure consisting of the head of the country as the President, followed by the head of the government known as the prime minister and elected ministers who are answerable to the prime ministers. Despite the coups and political violations in both the countries, they manage to hold democratic elections. Due to all the similarities in their political framework, working alongside each other would be a lot less of a hassle as there are no starkly alien political systems to contend with. The economic structures of both the countries also hold a lot of similarities. The rates of unemployment and inflation are around 6% in both the countries. Indias 63% of workforce is concentrated mainly in the production primary goods and is self sufficient in food grains and it also produces cotton, tea, sugarcane, tobacco for export. Similarly, Pakistan also has more than 50% of its population involved in agriculture and the rates of labor involved in secondary and tertiary activities in both the countries are also similar which indicate high success rates of free trade agreements if both the countries agree for it.à [1]à As per the similarities among their cities, the two extreme ends of poverty and wealth in the city of Bombay bear a strange resemblance to that of the two extremes of living standards in Karachi. Bombay, like Karachi, is an industrial port city, plagued by over population, with colonial architecture dominating certain parts of town, and only the distance of 500 miles separating the two cities. The affinity between the two cities is not confined to the infrastructure and the living habitat, but even the afternoon breeze racing in from the sea at the verandah of the Bombay Gymkhana, is a de ja vu of the experience at the Karachi Gymkhana. Focusing on the differences between Bombay and Karachi, the most attention drawing aspect is the absence of statues in Karachi. We have monuments of fountains and swords and mountaintops in the middle of a landslide depicting Pakistans first successful nuclear test in 1998 but unlike Bombay, we have no statues of people. And then there is the city of Madras, which is a city that belongs clearly to the same region as Karachi and that is where their similarities end. The realization of being present in Southern India when in Madras is inevitable at all times, as Pakistanis, our association is stronger with the Northern India. For the students (of Stella Maris College), when asked which South Asian country they most strongly associated with, responded unanimously as Pakistan in complete contradiction to anyones expectations. When enquired as to why the students correlate with Pakistan, they replied that Pakistan had been a part of India. And when asked if they felt the same affinity towards Bangladesh, they declined profusely. (India and Pakistan historic conflict and future outlooks, 2003) To conclude, the mindset of both the nations can be attributed to be similar because of the sole reason that their forefathers have spent years together which has made their traditions, political systems, economic stances as being similar. It is the matter of self interest which has made the two countries apart like Kashmir issue is one where a conflict of interest between both the nations is seen. Apart from that religion has always been a major source of division and this is one subject where definitely no consensus can be reached as everybody has a right to religion. Models of Marriage Marriages can be put in four categories in Pakistan. There are: Partially Arranged Marriages Partially Love Marriages Totally Arranged Marriages Totally Love Marriages Totally arranged marriages and totally love marriages are two extreme forms of marriages and between these two extremes are Partially arranged and partially love marriages in which parents may take their selection and give their children the option to accept or reject their choice. Broadly these can fall under the two types of marriages (in India and Pakistan): Arranged and Love, as explained by Kavita Ramdya in her book Bollywood Weddings. These models are diametrically opposed. Love marriage will often involve a whimsical and incidental meeting followed by months and often years of dating. The arranged marriage excludes dating altogether and rarely allows for more than one meeting before the wedding day. When the boy and girl, words used to describe prospective marriage candidates despite their age, profession, or education, meet for the à ¬Ã rst time, it is usually in a highly-regulated environment where both sets of parents sit in the same room accompanied by supportive extend ed family members. A wedding follows shortly thereafter, making it the second time the couple is allowed to see each other and after which the husband and wife embark on years of dating or getting to know one another without the nagging possibility of rejection. In the middle class, often family members stay on a lookout finding a suitable match, or a number of suitable matches. Then, the families meet to see if things work out. Long before this happens, though, the young men and women are carefully vetted for likes and dislikes, traits in common, complementary characteristics, and any other information that can be discovered and deemed relevant. Often, the process is much more informal, with the families in the community already knowing much about each other, and having already decided what could be potentially good pairings, and which may well be disastrous. The two opposed models of marriage are negotiated by the present generation as observed by Kavita Ramdya. Her examination led her to discover a middle path, which she called arranged meetings. Arranged meetings is an already negotiated and well-established third model for marrying. The second generation uses this method to à ¬Ã lter out prospective marital candidates who do not have the right ethnic, religious, linguistic, and regional traits desired by their parents. In this way, neither arranged nor love marriage are excluded and the needs and desires of both generations are respected. The à ¬Ã rst generation is still involved in à ¬Ã nding a suitable partner for their child, whether through introductions by family and friends, or placing an ad on-line or in a newspaper. Additionally, candidates who do not come from the same religious sect, speak the desired dialect are cast away before a set of eligible prospects are considered. (Ramdya) Prevalence of Arranged Marriages Family forms the building block of a society. Human beings in turn follow the standards and norms set by the society to lead a perfect life. But everything is prone to change and so are the values and standards set by a society. In the same way, the ways of getting married are changing at a noticeable but slow pace. East is known for its traditions. Many countries in the East have been practicing arranged marriages since long. It is a known fact that love marriages are more common in the west than in the eastern countries. In Pakistan, marriages are most of the time arranged by family members. The reason is that the Pakistani society preserves family continuity through arranged marriages. collectivist societies like Pakistan prefer group decision over an individual one so marriages are a family affair rather than an individual one, and children are brought up to expect arranged marriages. It is seen that children can have veto power in few families but normally it is expected that the parents and other family members should commence and settle on the matter. In this society, marriage is not merely based on love relationships but family economics and social needs play a great role. Changing Trend of Marriages A couple of decades ago arranged marriage was the only known way to get married. But today it is not so. We see many Pakistani girlsà and guys marrying by their own choice instead of that of their family. Love marriages are becoming more and more acceptable. Most of the marriages are arranged in Pakistan but some of the marriages are also based on love. Love marriages have been taking place in Pakistan in the last few years with the influx of western cultures and invasion of electronic media. Due to family obligations the trends of compromising and striving to sustain relationships have become the hallmark of eastern culture. However, this fact could not be denied that these trends are eroding day by day. People realize that the traditional system of totally arranged marriages needs to be adjusted. Partially arranged and partially love marriages are supported by the state religion. Today the exposure to various stimuli through the media has increased awareness. The improved education system could also be held responsible for this change. As compared to the previous years, the literacy rate among the Pakistani Women has increased by leaps and bounds over the past couple of decades. Education gives exposure and a sense of enlightenment. Women have become opinionated and smart. Many young women are given the right to exercise their choice in choosing a partner and the family members accept and support their decision. Dating agencies are emerging and proclaiming that although compatible partners inclined to marriage cant be picked off a supermarket shelf, they can be found on a website. Most work on the false assertion that a good profile and an insignificantà financial investmentà is the only obstacle standing between you and the love of your life. If they are to be believed, a couple of cheesy emails can determine your compatibility. In a typical electronic dating set-up, the average person role plays in a desperate bid to make an impression.à It seems that love marriages are trending but we cannot deny the fact that the practice of an arranged marriage still heavily prevails in our society. Many times, the young individuals prefer not to take the decision themselves and they rely upon the family to find the best match for them. Gender Interaction The gender interactions part focuses on the evolving nature of interactions between male and female students and the resultant effect of this change on their marriage choices. Title: Student Attitude toward Mate selection in a Muslim Society: Pakistan Author: Henry Korson Journal: (Journal of Marriage and Family, Vol. 31, No. 1 (Feb., 1969), pp. 153-165) The study was conducted on 765 participants in two universities of Pakistan (University of Karachi and University of Punjab) and provides a treasure trove of vital insights into how marriage was viewed by students in urban Pakistan 40 years ago. The study results showed that atleast a quarter of respondents believed that the choice of life-partner should be left to them, while another quarter wanted their parents to consult them before making the final decision. This showed that over 50% of the respondents in that era wanted to have a say in the final decision of their life-partner. Another question that was asked was if the respondents would make a completely independent choice when it comes to marriage to which only 3.8% respondents replied positively. 17.1% female respondents from Karachi and 16.7% female respondents from Lahore also believed that their parents would arrange their marriage without consulting them. This is in contrast to the 45% female respondents from Karachi and 52% female respondents from Lahore who said their families will accept their opinions on the life-partner. Keeping in mind that these are graduate students from the 1960s when education for women was still at a nascent stage in Pakistan, they can only be classified as a minority. The women belonged to wealthy, forward-thinking families who were amongst the first to educate their daughters and thus had a progressive mindset. They were open to the idea of their daughters having a say in their own marriage decision but were not yet willing to accept their daughters to have complete cont rol over the decision. This is reflected by the fact that only 9.8% of female students from Karachi and 6.3% of female students from Lahore believed that their families would accept their decision of marriage if it was their own personal initiative. One of the most interesting statistic provided by this study revealed that upto 30% of the sample believed that meeting ones spouse before marriage was unnecessary. Females from Karachi (44%) and Lahore (47%) showed a great liking to this option thus showing confidence in their parents ability to choose the right spouse for them. This mindset is unthinkable amongst most contemporary university students of Karachi and Lahore who are more independent compared to their counterparts of yesteryears. The combination of higher education, globalization and media local, Bollywood and western has resulted in a mindset where the choice of life partner is no more the sole domain of the individuals parents. Moreover, the need to meet the prospective spouse whether alone, with mutual friends or with family has become paramount before the final decision is made. Students today believe that couples should have understanding and this can only be gauged if there is some level of interaction before the marriage. The above mentioned statistic was further reinforced when the students were asked about the optimum length of time for knowing ones future spouse before marriage. Although a quarter of the respondents did say that knowing ones future spouse for about 6 months is necessary, the majority of these respondents were male. 34.5% of female respondents from Karachi and 27.1% of female respondents from Lahore were of the view that there was no need to know ones spouse before marriage again indicating confidence in their parents ability to choose a spouse who was appropriate for them. The conclusions that Korson derives are insightful and can be used to explain todays phenomena of how traditional arranged marriages are wearing away. Korson says that because most families live in extended households, the presence of senior members of the family prevent any young student from initiating any change which runs counter to the belief systems held by the senior members. Uncles, aunts, grand-parents ensure that the parents conservative view is supported and reinforced within the family. This is primarily because of the belief that if one person is given leeway in deciding their marriage decision, others in the family will follow suit, thus creating disorder and depriving the senior members of their authority. Korson further states that male respondents showed greater self-assurance and liberality in their responses whereas majority of females favoured conservative options. This is probably because of both males and females already understanding their own personal situations. He believed their answers on what they believed will happen with them with respect to marriage were based on the experience of someone close (sibling, cousin, friend) who had already been married and the respondents belief that their marriage will be conducted in the same manner because they belonged to the same caste, class or family. The last and most notable finding that Korson reveals is that the Pakistani university system is based on Western education and that in the race to achieving higher education (and resultant higher social standing), people are bound to be in touch with Western values and principles and to be influenced by them. The mindset of collectivism that is the root of traditional arranged marriages where it is popularly said that families marry each other will gradually and eventually be trumped by the Western ideal of individualism students will begin to make their marriage decisions based on their own personal liking instead of following age-old conservative customs entrenched in their baradaries . Today this mindset of individualism has taken hold in the mindset of urban educated youth who are striving to ensure that their decision be respected and upheld when it comes to marriage. The Western education system in combination with media (primarily progressive and romantic Bollywood films of the last decade and a half) have led the youth to question the conservative practices that were previously held with much respect. Title: Attitudes of University Students from India Toward Marriage and Family Life Authors: Vicki T. Davis and Raghu N. Singh Journal: International Journal of Sociology of the Family 1989, Vol. 19 (Autum) : 43-57 In this research, 83 Indian students in Texas Universities were asked about their opinions on marriage and family life. The report says that many social institutions in India have faced constant and gradual change. In India, the family is a very sacred institution and ranks second in importance after religion (Rao Rao, 1975). Many researches have been conducted to explore the impact of higher education on family patterns. When people go abroad to study, they experience greater freedom to make their own decisions and are no more bound by the controls of their families, and develop individuality, which may affect all family patterns of dwelling (Ross, 1961). In Rao Raos study (1976), 65% college students preferred nuclear families as compared to 35% supporting joint families. A study by Sharma and Shriram (1979) surveyed 25 newly married Indian couples about their opinions on the selection of marriage partners. The importance of interaction with their future partners was stressed by 80% of the respondents. These couples believed it was necessary to meet, socialize with, and have the opportunity to truly get to know the potential marriage partner. The majority of the couples also thought that the main choice in the selection of the marital partner should be made by the individuals, with consent of the parents. When the same kind of questions were asked of graduate students in Pakistan in 1969, 65% believed it was important to meet and know ones potential spouse before marriage. 30% of the respondents believed that there was no need to meet the future spouse, thus indicating their confidence in their parents ability to find them a suitabl e match (Korson, 1969) Author: Lord, Keelin (2007) Title: Romantic Love vs. Marriage: A Psychoanalytic Approach, Journal: ESSAI: Vol. 5, Article 30. The research by Keelin Lord questions and critcizes Western countries for promoting the concept of love marriage and explains the reasons behind the failure of love marriages and the rising number of divorces in America. Although there are many reasons why Pakistanis oppose the concept of love marriage including difference in social status between families, loss of parental authority and conservative mindset, the fact that love marriages lose their charm soon after the wedding is also an important factor. The writer says that the vehicle for promoting romance in American culture is its cinema industry. Romantic love has been portrayed in visual arts of western culture for centuries, such as operas, plays, dramas, paintings and films. Although these arts directly influence culture, most view art as an illusion as well as an escape from reality. Yet Americans still believe that romantic love is tangible and serves as a solid base for marriage. The writer further goes on to say that instead of taking romantic love as granted, it should be questioned and its mistakes should be learned from otherwise it will continue to be the cause of failed marriages. The writer conducted scientific tests on a number of participants to explain how the concept of love holds in an individuals mind. The tests revealed that romantic love is associated with higher levels of dopamine being released to the brain resulting in increased energy, higher motivation to acquite rewards and feelings of ecstasy things that people relate to romantic love. However, with time the feelings of romance fade away because of increased levels of the hormone oxytocin. Keeping these findings in mind, when romance is a base for marriage and attachment, the romance fades shortly after vows and the craving for a new romantic relationship evolves. In realizing this, one would begin to question why peoples now look for romance to provide them with a happy marriage. Primary Research Methodology Focus Group Interview Survey The survey sample was 66, with the age group being 17-26 years. 31 males were part of the survey and 35 females. This is the data that was obtained for whether the sample people thought there has been an increased acceptance of love marriages in our society. Do you think there has been an acceptance of love marriages in our society? Frequency Percent Cumulative Percent Yes 55 83.3 83.3 No 11 16.7 100.0 Total 66 100.0 83.3% of the people (55 people) felt that there has been an increased acceptance of love marriages in our society and 16.6% (11 people) did not feel so. Of the 55 people who felt there was an increased acceptance, 28 were females and 27 males. And there was no correlation between gender and their opinion regarding acceptance of love marriages though, as analyzed by the Pearson correlation. When asked about whether Bollywood has played a role in the increasing number of love marriages amongst youth in Pakistan, 71.2% of people felt that it has had a role to play (47 people). Of these 47 people, 22 were males and 25 were females. Do you believe Bollywood movies have a role to play in the increasing number of love marriages amongst youth in Pakistan? Frequency Percent Cumulative Percent Valid Yes 47 71.2 71.2 No 19 28.8 28.8 100.0 Total 66 100.0 One person said As far as I have seen, Bollywood movies have created this fantasy-like image of love marriages in the minds of youth and lead to our youth to aspi philliplewis197297http://www.blogger.com/profile/15728386182693377917noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-150437676273252703.post-77238303593911459182019-11-13T17:51:00.001-08:002019-11-13T17:51:04.100-08:00Shakespeares Julius Caesar :: Plays William Shakespeare Caesar EssaysShakespeare's Julius Caesar "A talent for drama is not a talent for writing, but is an ability to articulate human relationships"- Gore Vida. This is certainly true for William Shakespeare, on of the greatest writers of all time. He wrote such dramas like Romeo and Juliet, Macbeth, Hamlet and Othello. Julius Caesar is no different. His ability to relate to human nature by using drama accurately distinguishes Julius Caesar from the rest by creating suspense, eagerness and tension. Act III Scene II is an especially important part to the play. Brutus I explaining got the crowd why Caesar was slain "as he was valiant, I honor him; but, as he was ambitious, I slew him" (ll. 30-31) and "Not that I loved Caesar less, but that I loved Rome more" (ll. 21-22). This quote proves and summarizes Brutus' point in his speech. To achieve his goals, Brutus' oratory techniques were simple, logical, and rational. Brutus' speech is very formal, controlled and it seems that all of the sentences are perfectly balanced. Although he did a very good job at explaining to the confused crowd that murdering Caesar was for the good of Rome, he still had not won them over yet. After he explained himself and his purpose, the people were reluctant to believe him, yet there were convinced for only a short while. Antony has sworn not to attack the conspirators, although he intends to. This creates more tension within the plot by adding layers of opposition. In Antony's speech, he paints a different picture of Caesar "HE hath brought many captives home to Rome/ Whose ransoms did the general coffers fill/ Did this in Caesar seem ambitious?" (ll.80-82). Antony continues by stating, "I thrice presented him a kingly crown/ Which he did thrice refuse. Was this ambition?" (ll. 87-89). He asks the people if they consider this ambitious, obviously implying it was not, because Caesar's deeds were for the good of Rome, not for Caesar himself. This art of persuasion is able to move the mob. All at once, they discard "noble Brutus" and listen to Antony who is a "plain blunt man". Clearly wooed by his impressive oration, the mob alters the fate of the conspirators, adding more suspense and drama to the plot. During the whole scene, it teases us leaving us on the edge waiting for the conclusion. The introduction of two characters adds suspense in Act II. Calphurnia, Caesar's wife, tries to convince him to stay at home. Being persistent she is able to convince him "Do not go forth today: call it my fear/ That keeps you in the house, and not your own" (Scene philliplewis197297http://www.blogger.com/profile/15728386182693377917noreply@blogger.com0